of mixed blood. The mixed breed can generally speak English, and a few send their children to the white settlements for education. As to their persons, the Cherokees are well formed and of a good appearance. Some of them have as fine countenances as can easily be found in any country. The children are almost universally active and healthy, and as apt to learn as the children of civilized people. Some of the half-breeds have large plantations, which they cultivate with the aid of slaves, but the fullblooded Cherokees do not carry on agriculture with much vigor. A short time since the number of the Cherokees was 12,395. Within a few years, however, many of the tribe have emigrated to the country on Arkansas river, on the west side of the Mississippi; the government of the United States having assigned them lands on that river, in exchange for a part of the Cherokee country. In the treaty which was made on this occasion, the government appropriated ahout 160,000 acres of the land ceded by the Cherokees, for a perpetual school fund, to be applied under the direction of the President of the United States, to the instruction of the Cherokees who remain on this side of the Mississippi.

The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign missions established a mission among the Cherokees in 1817. The principal station is at Brainerd, on the western side of Chickamaugah creek, 2 miles from the southern boundary of the state, and 30, in an easterly direction, from the N. W. corner of Georgia. Schools have been established in various other places. In 1820, numerous buildings had been erected for the accommodation of the mission, a farm of 60 acres was under cultivation, and more than 200 pupils were receiving instruction in the various schools. Besides being taught reading, writing, arithmetic, and the principles of Christianity, the children are instructed in the most useful arts of civilized life. The boys learn the use of the hoe and the axe, while the girls learn the use of the spinning wheel and the needle. The Cherokees are much pleased with the missionaries. Throughout the nation there is a general and strong sentiment in favor of having their children instructed. There is another respectable missionary station, established in this nation in 1801, by the Moravians, at Springplace, in Georgia, 35 miles S. E. of Brainerd.

The Chickasaws, a few years since, occupied an extensive country, lying within the chartered limits of the states of Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi and Alabama; and bounded E. by Tennessee river; N. by the Ohio; W. by the Mississippi, and S. by the Choctaw country. The part of this tract lying in Tennessee and Kentucky has recently been ceded to the United States. The Chickasaws, in most respects, resemble their neighbors the Choctaws and Cherokees. The number of the tribe, according to an official statement, is 6,456.

Government.] The legislative power is vested in a general assembly, consisting of a senate and house of representatives, both chosen for two years. The house of representatives cannot consist of more than 40 members, and the senate can never be less

than one third nor more than one half of the number of representatives. The executive power is vested in a governor, who also holds his office for two years. The judges of the several courts of law are appointed by the general assembly, and hold their offices during good behavior.

Commerce.] The principal exports are cotton, tobacco and wheat. The usual route to a market is down the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers to the Ohio, and thence down the Ohio and Mississippi to New Orleans. This course is very circuitous, and it is expected that a road or canal will soon be formed, connecting Tennessee river with some of the branches of the Tombigbee, which will shorten the distance to the gulf of Mexico more than one half. Cattle are raised in large numbers in East Tennessee, and sent to the seaports in the Atlantic states. Foreign goods have hitherto been brought from Philadelphia and Baltimore to East Tennessee, in wagons; and to West Tennessee, principally in wagons as far as Pittsburgh, and thence by water down the Ohio and up the Cumberland.

KENTUCKY.

Situation and Extent.] Kentucky is bounded on the N. W. and N. by the states of Illinois, Indiana and Ohio, from which it is saparated by Ohio river; E. by Virginia, from which it is separated by Big Sandy river and the Cumberland mountains; S. by Tennessee; and W. by the state of Missouri, from which it is separated by the Mississippi river. It extends from 36° 30′ to 39° 10' N. lat. and from 81° 50' to 89° 26' W. lon. It is 300 miles long on the southern line. The area is estimated at 42,000 square miles..

Divisions.] The state is divided into 67 counties.

Rivers. Kentucky is almost insulated by navigable rivers. The Big Sandy, the Ohio and the Mississippi form its boundary on three sides, while the Cumberland, in two places, intersects its southern border. The Big Sandy rises in the Cumberland

mountains, and running in a northerly direction forms the boundary between Virginia and Kentucky, and falls into the Ohio, after a course of 200 miles. Cumberland river rises in the Cumberland mountains, near the sources of the Big Sandy, and running in a southwesterly direction, crosses the southern boundary of the state into Tennessee, where it makes a great bend, and assuming a northwesterly direction returns to Kentucky, and discharges itself into the Ohio, 10 miles above the mouth of Tennessee river, after a course of 600 miles, for 500 of which it is navigable for boats.

The principal rivers which lie wholly within the state, beginning in the east, are, 1. Licking river, which rises in the Cumberland mountains, and running in a N. W. direction, discharges itself into the Ohio at Newport, opposite Cincinnati, after a course of 180 miles. In spring floods, it is navigable for 100 miles from its mouth, but for ten months out of twelve its navigation is of little value. 2. The Kentucky, which rises in the Cumberland mountains, near the sources of the Cumberland and the Licking, and running in a N. W. direction, for 280 miles, discharges itself into the Ohio at Port William, 77 miles above the rapids at Louisville. It is navigable for boats of considerable size 180 miles, in the winter floods. Its principal tributary is the Elkhorn, which joins it 8 miles below Frankfort. 3. Salt river, which falls into the Ohio 20 miles below Louisville, and is navigable 65 miles. On its banks are numerous salt licks. Green river, which rises near the centre of the state, and running in a westerly direction for 280 miles, discharges itself into the Ohio, 120 miles below Louisville and 50 above the mouth of the Cumberland. It is navigable for boats nearly 200 miles.

4.

Face of the Country, Soil and Productions.] The only mountains are the Cumberland range, which separate Kentucky from Virginia. The eastern counties are mountainous. A tract along the banks of the Ohio, from 5 to 20 miles wide, and extending through the whole length of the state, has a good soil, but is hilly and broken, except the lands immediately on the Ohio, for about one mile in width on an average, which are bottom lands, and subject to periodical inundations. Between this tract, the eastern counties and Green river, lies a fine country, which has been called the garden of the state. It is about 150 miles long, and from 50 to 100 miles wide, and comprises the counties of Mason, Fleming, Montgomery, Clarke, Bourbon, Fayette, Scott, Harrison, Franklin, Woodford, Mercer, Jessamine, Madison, Garrard, Casey, Lincoln, Washington and Green. The surface of this district is agreeably undulating, and the soil black and fertile. The country between Green and Cumberland rivers is called "the barrens," In 1800 the legislature of Kentucky made a grant of this tract to actual settlers, under the impression that it was of little value, but it proves to be excellent land; and hogs and cattle are raised here in abundance.

The whole state, below the mountains, rests on an immense bed of lime stone, usually about 8 feet below the surface. There

are every where apertures in this limestone, through which the waters of the rivers sink into the earth. The large rivers of Kentucky, for this reason, are more diminished during the dry season, than those of any part of the United States, and the small streams entirely disappear. The banks of the rivers are natural curiosities. They have generally worn very deep channels in the calcareous rocks over which they flow. The precipices formed by Kentucky river are in many places awfully sublime,presenting perpendicular banks of 300 feet of solid limestone, surmounted with a steep and difficult ascent, four times as high. In the S. W. part of the state, between Green river and the Cumberland, there are several wonderful caves: one, called the Mammoth cave, is said to be 8 or 10 miles long.

The principal productions of Kentucky are hemp, tobacco, wheat and Indian corn. Salt springs are numerous, and supply not only this state, but a great part of Ohio and Tennessee with this mineral. Iron ore abounds in various places, but the metal is not of a good quality.

Chief Towns.] Frankfort, the capital of the state, is regularly laid out on the east side of Kentucky river, 60 miles above its confluence with the Ohio. The site of the town is a semicircular alluvial plain, from 150 to 200 feet lower than the table land in its rear. The river is here about 80 yards wide, and after heavy rains frequently rises 60 feet. Opposite Frankfort, and connected with it by a bridge, is South Frankfort, which is rapidly increasing. Steam boats of 300 tons come up the river as far as this place when the water is high, and most of the foreign goods consumed in Kentucky are landed here or at Louisville. Population, in 1820, 1,679.

Lexington, the largest town in the state, and the seat of Transylvania university, is delightfully situated, in a beautiful valley, on Town fork, a small stream which falls into the south branch of Elkhorn river, 25 miles E. S. E. of Frankfort. It is regularly Jaid out, and contains 3 banks; and 7 houses of public worship, 3 for Presbyterians, and one each, for Episcopalians, Baptists, Methodists and Roman Catholics. The growth of the town has been exceedingly rapid. In 1797, it contained only about 50 houses, and the best farmers lived in log cabins. It is now a large and beautiful town, covered with stately and elegant buildings, and in wealth and refinement is not surpassed by any place in the western country. The country around Lexington is much admired for the beauty of its scenery, and is adorned with more than 50 handsome country seats. The population of the town, in 1820, was 5,279.

Louisville is pleasantly situated on an elevated and beautiful plain, on the south bank of the Ohio, immediately above the rapids, and 50 miles west of Frankfort. It contains 3 banks; a theatre; and 3 houses of public worship, 1 for Roman Catholics, 1 for Presbyterians and 1 for Methodists. Among the manuface turing establishments is a distillery, which yields 1200 gallons