sea, but level as you advance from the N. W. Beyond this ridge, commences a fine healthy country of hills and dales, terminating, in the western extremity of the state, in lofty mountains. Table mountain, in Pendleton district, four miles from the northern boundary of the state, is 4,300 feet above the level of the sea, and is the highest land in the state.

Soil and Productions.] The banks of the rivers and creeks, in the low country, are bordered with a belt of excellent land, producing cotton and maize in abundance; the marshes and swamps in this district make fine rice plantations; and some of the low grounds between the sand hills in the middle country, are suitable for agriculture and pasturage; but with these exceptions, the whole country below the Ridge has a sandy barren soil, not worth cultivation. The soil of the upper country is generally strong and productive. Cotton and rice are the staple productions of the state. The climate and soil are equally well adapted to tobacco, grain, and indigo, and these were formerly cultivated to a great extent: but since the invention of the machine to cleanse upland cotton from its seeds, the cultivation of cotton has become so profitable, that almost every thing else is neglected.

Climate.] The climate of the upper country is healthy at all seasons of the year. In the low country, the summer months are sickly, particularly August and September, and at this season the climate frequently proves fatal to strangers. November and December are the best months in the year for strangers to arrive in Carolina.

Rivers.] The following are the principal rivers, beginning in the east. 1. The Great Pedee, which rises in North Carolina, where it is called Yadkin river. After entering this state it runs in a S. S. E. direction, receives Lynche's river and Black river from the west, and the Little Pedee and Waccamaw rivers from the east, and discharges itself into Winyaw bay, which communicates with the Atlantic, 12 miles below Georgetown. It is navigable for sloops of 70 tons, about 130 miles, to Greenville, and for smaller boats, to Chatham, 20 miles higher up. 2. The Santee, the principal river of South Carolina, is formed by the Congaree and Wateree, which unite about 25 miles S. E. of Columbia. It runs in a S. E. direction, and discharges itself into the ocean through two mouths, a few miles south of the entrance to Winyaw bay. The Congaree is formed by the union of Broad and Saluda rivers, the forner of which rises in North Carolina, and running in a S. E. direction, receives the waters of several considerable creeks and unites with the Saluda a few miles N. W. of Columbia. Near the point of their confluence successive ledges of granite run across both streams, occasioning falls of no inconsiderable elevation and extent. The Santee is navigable to Camden, on the Wateree branch, for boats of 70 tons; and on the Congaree, steam boats ascend as far as Columbia. 3. Cooper and Ashley rivers discharge themselves into Charleston harbor, one on the eastern and the other on the western side of the city.

4. Edisto river is formed by two branches which unite in Orangeburg district. It runs in a southeasterly direction, and discharges itself into the ocean through twe mouths, called the North and South Edisto inlets, which inclose between them Edisto island. It is navigable for large boats 100 miles. 5. The Savannah, which forms the boundary between South Carolina and Georgia.

Chief Toons.] Charleston is built on the tongue of land between the rivers Ashley and Cooper, which unite immediately below the city and form a spacious and convenient harbor, communicating with the ocean at Sullivan's island, 7 miles S. E. of the city. The harbor has a bar at its mouth, over which in the deepest places there are 16 feet of water at low tide. The city is regularly laid out in parallel streets, from 35 to 70 feet in width, running from river to river, and intersected by others at right angles. The new houses are of brick and many of them are elegant.

Among the public buildings are a city-hall, a theatre, an orphan asylum, an alms-house, 6 banks, and 18 houses of public worship, viz. 3 for Episcopalians, 3 for Presbyterians, 3 for Methodists, 2 for Independents, one each for Lutherans, Baptists, French Protestants, Friends, Roman Catholics and Jews, and an orphan house church. The library society have a well chosen library of 13,000 volumes, which is increased annually by the importation of books to the value of about £300 sterling. The commerce of Charleston is extensive and flourishing. It imports the foreign goods consumed in South Carolina, a considerable part of North Carolina, and a part of Georgia. In 1815 it was the fifth town in the United States in amount of shipping, the number of tons being 36,473. The population, in 1790, was 16,359; in 1800, 18,712; in 1810, 24,711; and in 1820, 24,780, of whom 12,652 were slaves, and 1,472 free blacks. The citizens of Charleston have ever been distinguished for polished manners and unaffected hospitality.

Columbia, the capital of the state, and the seat of South Carolina college, stands on the east side of the Congaree, just below the confluence of Saluda and Broad rivers. It is regularly laid out on an elevated plain, which slopes on every side,commanding an extensive prospect. It contains a state house, 4 houses for public worship, and about 3,000 inhabitants.

Georgetown is situated on Winyaw bay, near the mouth of the Pedee, 13 miles from the sea and 60 N. N. E. of Charleston. It is connected by the Pedee and its branches with an extensive and fertile back country, but there is a bar at the mouth of Winyaw bay which prevents the entrance of vessels drawing more than 11 feet of water. The population is estimated at 2,000.

Beaufort, on Port Royal island, 73 miles S. W. of Charleston, has a deep and spacious harbor, and contains about 1,000 inhabitants. Camden, the capital of Kershaw district, is on the E. side of the Wateree, 35 miles N. E. of Columbia. It is regularly laid out, and contains about 200 houses. The river is navigable to

this place for boats of 70 tons, and there is a lively trade with the back country. Camden is remarkable for two battles fought here during the revolutionary war. Winnsborough, on a branch of the Wateree, 30 miles N. N. W. of Columbia, is the seat of a college called Mount Zion college, which, however, is not at present in operation.

Education.] South Carolina college was founded in Columbia by the legislature in 1801, and is immediately under the patronage of the state. It has a president, 4 professors, 2 tutors, more than 100 students, a well selected library of 5,000 volumes, and a fine mathematical apparatus. Handsome brick buildings are erected for the accommodation of the president, professors and students. The legislature make an annual grant to the college of about $10,000, and are perpetually extending to it a fostering band.There is a chartered college at Beaufort, with funds of 60,000 or 70,000 dollars, and a handsome edifice; but it is not provided with instructors in the studies of a collegial course, and` does not confer degrees.

There are academies in various parts of the state, and the legislature annually appropriates $30,000 for the support of free schools, which are established all over the state. The South Carolina society, formed in the year 1737, for the purpose of charitably educating poor children of both sexes, has a fund of $137,000, and supports a school of upwards of 70 children, who are clothed as well as educated.

Internal Improvements.] There is a canal, 22 miles long, connecting Santee with Cooper river, by which the produce of a large section of this state, and of a part of North Carolina, is carried to the city of Charleston. It is 35 feet broad on the surface, 20 feet at the bottom, and 4 feet deep. The descent from the summit level to the Santee is 35 feet, and is effected by 4 locks ; the descent from the summit level to Cooper river is 68 feet, and is effected by 9 locks. The expense of the canal was $650,667. The tolls do not exceed $13,000.

Since the year 1818 the state has been zealously engaged in the business of internal improvements. A Board of Public works has been appointed, and the sum of one million dollars has been appropriated to the improvement of inland navigation. Canals are already completed around the falls at the mouths of Broad and Saluda rivers, and a communication is thus opened between Columbia and the fertile country on their borders.-Canals have also been commenced around the falls in the Wateree above Camden, by which the navigation will be opened into North Carolina, and with the aid of similar improvements, already commenced in that state, will be extended nearly to the sources of the river. The Waccamaw, which joins the Pedee near its mouth, runs nearly parallel to the sea-coast, and is navigable for vessels of 150 tons to the distance of 80 miles. It is intended to unite this river by a canal with Little river, which discharges itself in North Carolina within the sea islands.-From Georgetown harbor, a canal, 5 miles long, has been commenced across the

tongue of land which separates it from the Santee. It is intended also to connect Ashley river with the Edisto by a canal 12 miles long; and considerable progress has already been made in a road through the state, from Charleston through Columbia, and thence towards Tennessee. In the report of the Board of Public works to the legislature for the year 1820, it is stated that from the progress made, there is reason to believe that nearly all the improvements contemplated by the legislature, opening an inland navigation of more than fifteen hundred miles, will be completed in the year 1822, and within the sum pledged and set apart for internal improvements."

Population.] The population, in 1790, was 239,073; in 1800, 345,591; in 1810, 415,110; and in 1820, 502,741. Of the population in 1820, more than one half were slaves. The slaves are most numerous in the low country. In several districts on the coast there are four or five slaves to one white man, while in some of the districts in the upper country, there are four or five white men to one slave.

Religion. The prevailing denominations are Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians and Episcopalians. In 1811, the Baptists had 100 ministers and 130 churches; the Methodists, 26 travelling and upwards of 90 local preachers; the Presbyterians, between 30 and 100 congregations, under the care of about 40 ministers; the Episcopalians, 10 churches and 16 ministers; the Independents, 7 churches and 6 ministers. There were besides a few German and French Protestants, Quakers, Roman Catholics and Jews.

Government.] The legislature consists of a senate and house of representatives. The senate is composed of 43 members, chosen for four years, and the house of representatives of 124 members, chosen for two years, by districts. The governor is chosen every two years, by a joint ballot of both houses.

Commerce and Manufactures.] In 1820, South Carolina was the third state in the Union, in the value of her exports. The amount was $8,882,940, and consisted almost entirely of domestic produce, a considerable portion of which was derived from North Carolina. The staple of the state is cotton. The other articles

are rice, lumber, pitch, tar, turpentine, &c. This produce was exported principally in ships belonging to the merchants of the northern states. The amount of shipping belonging to South Carolina in 1815, was only 37,168 tons. Very little attention is paid to manufactures. The value of the manufactures in 1810, was estimated at only $3,623,595.

Islands.] The sea-coast is bordered with a chain of fine islands, the most noted of which are Sullivan's island, James island, and John's island, bordering on Charleston harbor; Edisto island, lying S. W. of John's island, and about 40 miles from Charleston; and Hilton head, the most southern island in Carolina. Between these islands and the shore, there is a very convenient navigation for sea vessels of a small burden, from Georgia to North Carolina, interrupted only by the point of land between Santee river

and Winyaw bay, and the narrow isthmus between Waccamaw and Little rivers. Both these obstructions will be removed by the canals now in progress.

GEORGIA.

Situation and Extent.] Georgia is bounded N. by Tennessee; N. E. by South Carolina, from which it is separated by Savannah river; S. E. by the Atlantic; S. by Florida, and W. by Alabama. It extends from 30° 20′ to 35° N. lat. and from 81° to 86° 48′ W. lon. It is 300 miles long from N. to S. and the area is estimated at 60,000 square miles, a considerable portion of which is still in the hands of the Indians.

Divisions.

The part of the state occupied by the whites is divided into 47 counties.

Face of the country, Soil and Productions.] From the ocean, for the distance of 7 miles, there is a margin of islands and marshes, intersected by rivers, creeks and inlets, communicating with each other, and forming an inland navigation for vessels of 100 tons, along the whole coast. These sea islands consist generally of a species of land called hammock, which produces