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Capes.] Cape Hatteras, in lat. 35° 15' N. is a point running out from the middle of a long narrow sand island, which separates Pamlico sound from the ocean. Cape Lookout is south of Cape Hatteras, in lat. 34° 22' N. Cape Fear, still farther south, in lat. 33° 48' N. is remarkable for a dangerous shoal, called, from its form, the Frying pan.-All these capes are dangerous te mariners, particularly cape Hatteras, where numerous vessels have been shipwrecked.

Face of the Country.] Along the whole coast of North Carolina is a ridge of sand, separated from the main land, in some places by narrow sounds, in others by broad bays. The passages or inlets through it are shallow and dangerous, and Ocracoke inlet is the only one, north of cape Fear, through which vessels pass. In the counties on the sea coast the land is low, and covered with extensive swamps and marshes, and for 60 or 80 miles from the shore is a dead level. Beyond this, the country swells into hills and at length into mountains, the most western part of the country being traversed by the Alleghany and several parallel ridges.

Soil and Productions.] In the low country the soil is generally sandy, and except on the banks of the rivers, is not fit for cultivation; but it is covered with forests of pitch pine, which grows here to great perfection, and yields in abundance, tar, turpentine, boards and various kinds of lumber, which together form about half the exports of the state. In the swamps rice of a fine quality is raised; and in the upper country the soil produces in abundance, wheat, rye, barley, oats, hemp, tobacco and Indian corn.

Swamps.] Dismal swamp is a tract of marshy land, commencing in the S. E. part of Virginia and extending into North Carolina. It is 30 miles long from north to south and 10 broad, and embraces about 150,000 acres, generally covered with trees; in

the moist parts with juniper and cypress, and in those that are drier with white and red oak and several species of pines. In the centre is Drummond's pond, 15 miles in circumference. The Chesapeake and Albemarle canal passes through the swamp, and is supplied with water from Drummond's pond. Alligator swamp lies on the south side of Albemarle sound. Near the centre it contains a large lake, the waters of which have been partly drained off by a canal, and a great tract of land round the lake has thus been converted into excellent rice plantations.

Rivers.] The following are the principal rivers, beginning in the east. 1. The Chowan is formed by the Nottaway and Blackwater, which rise in Virginia and pursuing a southeasterly course unite on the Virginia line, and the Meherrin which falls in from the west 10 miles below. After their confluence, the Chowan runs in a S. E. direction, 40 miles, and falls into the head of Albemarle sound. 2. The Roanoke is formed by the Staunton and Dan, the former of which rises in the Alleghany mountains in Virginia, and the latter on the borders of North Carolina and Virginia. After their union near the southern boundary of Virginia, the river assumes the name of Roanoke, and flowing S. E. falls into the head of Albemarle sound near the mouth of the Chowan. It is navigable to Halifax, near the foot of the Great Falls, 75 miles by land from the mouth of the river, for vessels of 45 tons burden. At the great falls tbe river descends 100 feet in a distance of 12 miles; but a canal is now in progress around these falls, which will open the navigation for batteaux as far as the junction of the Dan and the Staunton. The Dan has been made navigable to Danville, and the Staunton is navigable for some distance for boats of 5 tons. The lands on the Roanoke are among the most productive in the United States. Their products for exportation may be estimated at $2,500,000 annually, and when the full effect of the improvements in the navigation of the river is realized, will probably exceed $5,000,000. At present a great portion of the produce is carried to Norfolk through the Dismal swamp canal, but efforts are now making by the North Carolinians to secure this trade to some port within the limits of their own state. 3. Pamlico or Tar river rises in Warren county, in the northern part of the state, and running in a S. E. direction for 180 miles falls into Pamlico sound at its western extremity. It is navigable for vessels drawing 9 feet of water to Washington, 40 miles, and for boats carrying 30 or 40 hogsheads to Tarborough, 50 miles farther. 4. The Neuse rises near Hillsborough in Orange county, and running in a S. E. direction for about 400 miles, falls into Pamlico sound at its S. W. extremity. It is navigable for sea vessels beyond Newbern, and for boats, to Smithfield, 160 miles from its mouth. 5. Cape Fear river is formed by Haw and Deep rivers, both of which rise in the northern part of the state, and running each about 90 miles in a S. E. direction, unite about 30 miles S. W. of Raleigh. The course of the river is thence E. of S. about 160 miles to the ocean, into which it disgharges itself between Cape Fear island and Smithville. It is

navigable for sea vessels to Wilmington, 34 miles from its mouth, for large boats to Fayetteville, and for small boats above the forks. Its principal tributaries are, Clarendon river, or the N.E. branch, which unites with it just above Wilmington, and is navigable for 70 miles; and Black river, which joins it a few miles farther up. 6. Yadkin river rises in the Alleghany mountains, and running in a S. E. direction through Wilkes, Surry, Rowan, Montgomery, Anson and Richmond counties, passes into South Carolina. In Montgomery county are the narrows, where the river, which was before 200 or 300 yards wide, is contracted to 30. A few miles below the narrows it receives Rocky river from the west, aud then takes the name of Great Pedee, which it preserves during the remainder of its course. This river was surveyed under the direction of the Yadkin Navigation company, in 1818, from Wilkes courthouse, in the mountains, to Cheraw Hill, about 6 miles below the South Carolina boundary, a distance of 247 miles. The expense of making it navigable for boats of ten tons through this distance, is estimated at $250,234, exclusive of the narrows, where for the present it is intended to make a turnpike road for seven miles. 7. The Catawba, which rises in the western part of the state and passes into South Carobaa, where it takes the name of Wateree. 8. Broad river, still farther west, which rises in the Alleghany mountains, and passes almost immediately into South Carolina.

Chief towns.] Newbern, the largest town in the state, is on a flat sandy point of land, at the junction of Neuse river with the Trent. It carries on considerable commerce, and contained, in 1820, 3,663 inhabitants.

Raleigh, the capital, is a beautiful town in Wake county. It is regularly laid out, and contained, in 1820, 2,674 inhabitants. The state-house is a beautiful building of brick, and has been recently adorned with a superb marble statue of Washington, executed in Italy by the first sculptor of the age.

Fayetteville is advantageously situated near the west bank of Cape Fear river, at the head of navigation for large boats, and is one of the most flourishing commercial towns in the state. Large quantities of tobacco, cotton, naval stores and other produce are brought to this place from the back country, and carried down the river to Wilmington, in boats containing about 120 barrels. The growth of Fayetteville has been very rapid. The population, in 1820, was 3,532.

Wilmington, on the east side of Cape Fear river, just below the junction of the N. E. branch, 34 miles from the sea, is the depot for the produce of a large section of North Carolina, and the exports from this port have usually been twice as much as from all the other ports of the state. The situation, however, is considered unhealthy, and vessels drawing more than 11 feet of water, cannot pass over the flats, formed 20 miles below the town, by the meeting of the tide waters with the current of the river. Population, in 1820, 2,633.

Edenton is at the head of a bay on the N. side of Albemarle Bound, near the mouth of Chowan river. Plymouth is on the S. side of the Roanoke, 5 miles from Albemarle sound.

Education.] The University of North Carolina, at Chapel Hill, 27 miles W. of Raleigh, was incorporated in 1788, and has been liberally patronized by the state. In 1821 it had a president, 4 professors, 2 tutors and 146 Students.-At Salem, in Stokes county, there is an academy for young ladies, under the direction of the Moravians, which is in high repute, pupils resorting hither from all parts of the Southern states. Within a few years there has been much zeal displayed in the establishment of acad mies and schools. Previous to 1804, there were but 2 academies in the state. The number at present is 50, and is rapidly increasing.

Internal Improvements.] Since the year 1815 the state has been zealously engaged in the business of internal improvements. It is intended to improve the navigation of the inlets and sounds, so as to open a direct and easy communication with the ocean; to remove the obstructions in the navigation of the principal rivers; to connect the rivers by navigable canals; to improve the roads; and to drain the marshes and swamps of the eastern and southern counties. In prosecution of these plans, skilful engineers have been employed for several years, in making the necessary surveys, and several private companies have been formed under the patronage of the state.

Population.] The population, in 1790, was 393,751; in 1800 478,103; in 1810, 555,500; and in 1820, 638,829, of whom 205,017 were slaves and 14,012 free blacks. The slaves are principally confined to the low country. The western parts of the state were settled by Scotch-Irish emigrants. Almost all the country between the Catawba and the Yadkin is thus peopled. The Moravians, in 1751, purchased a tract of 100,000 acres, lying between the head waters of the Yadkin and the Dan, and it now contains a number of flourishing villages.

Religion.] The Methodists and Baptists are the prevailing denominations, especially in the low country. The Scotch-Irish are Presbyterians, and there are also in the western parts of the state a few settlements of German Lutherans and German Calvinists.

Government.] The legislative power is vested in a general assembly, consisting of a senate and house of commons. The senators are chosen annually, one from each county. The members of the house of commons are chosen annually, two from each county, and one from each of the six principal towns. The executive power is vested in a governor, and a council of 7 persons, all of whom are chosen annually by a joint ballot of the two houses.

Commerce and Manufactures.] Most of the produce of North Carolina is exported from the neighboring states. Not a single point has yet been found on the coast, within the limits of the state, at which a safe and commodious port could be established:

Hitherto, the productions of the northern parts of the state, lying on the Roanoke and its branches, and also on the upper parts of the Tar and Neuse, have been sent to the markets of Virginia; and the trade of Broad river, the Catawba, and the Yadkin has gone to South Carolina. The principal exports are pitch, tar, turpentine, lumber, rice, tobacco, wheat and Indian corn. The value of the exports from the ports of North Carolina in 1820 was only $808,319. The value of the manufactures 1810 was estimated at $6,653,152,

SOUTH CAROLINA.

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Situation and Extent.] South Carolina is bounded N. and N. E. by North Carolina; S. E. by the Atlantic; and S. W. by Georgia, from which it is separated by Savannah river. tends from 32° to 35° 8' N. lat. and from 78° 24' to 83° The area is estimated at 24,000 square miles. The state is divided into 28 districts.

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Face of the Country.] The sea coast is bordered with a fine chain of islands, between which and the shore there is a very convenient navigation. The main land is naturally divided into the Lower and Upper country. The low country extends 80 or 100 miles from the coast, and is covered with extensive forests of pitch pine, called pine barrens, interspersed with swamps and marshes of a rich soil. After leaving the low country, in proceeding into the interior, you first pass through a region of little sand hills, resembling the waves of the ocean in a high sear This curious country, sometimes called the middle country, continues for 50 or 60 miles, till you arrive at the Ridge, which is a remarkable tract of high ground as you approach it from the

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