in the country, stands on the west bank of Connecticut river at its mouth. Stafford, famous for its mineral spring and iron works, is 27 miles Ñ. E. of Hartford. Fairfield, the chief town in Fairfield county, is on the coast, 22 miles W. S. W. of New-Haven. The borough of Bridgeport, 4 miles N. E. of Fairfield, has one of the best harbors in the state and is a thrifty commercial place.

Education.] Yale college, in New-Haven, is one of the oldest and most respectable colleges in the United States. It was founded in 1701, and was named after Governor Yale one of its most liberal benefactors. Its officers in 1821 were a president; 9 professors, including 4 medical professors; and 6 tutors. The colJege library contains about 7,000 volumes, and the students have libraries amounting to 2,000 more. A cabinet of minerals was deposited here in 1811 by George Gibbs Esq. the original cost of which is said to have been £4,000 sterling.

The college buildings consist of 4 spacious edifices, each 4 stories high, and each containing 32 rooms for students; a chapel, containing also a philosophical chamber; a lyceum, containing the library and recitation rooms; a laboratory; and a dining ball.

A medical institution is connected with the college. It was established in 1813, and has 4 professors, a valuable anatomical museum and a medical library. The whole number of students in 1821 was 407; of whom 78 were medical students, 4 resident graduates and 325 under-graduates. The whole number educated here from the establishment of the institution to 1820 was 3,478; of whom there were then living 1,884, a greater number than from any other college in the United States. Efforts are now making for the establishment of a Theological seminary, to be connected with the college.

The American Asylum for the education of the deaf and dumb, established in Hartford in 1817, was the first institution of the kind in America. It is under the direction of Rev. Thomas H. Gallaudet, who visited the celebrated schools in Europe to qualify himself for the charge. He has 4 assistants. The number of pupils in 1819 was 50. The Congress of the United States has made a generous grant to the Asylum of more than 23,000 acres of land; and the Legislatures of some of the states have made appropriations for the support of pupils. The success of the institution has hitherto been highly gratifying, and the improvement of the pupils has equalled the most sanguine expectations of their friends.

There is a Foreign mission school at Cornwall, 10 miles N. W. of Litchfield, under the direction of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. It was established in 1817 for the purpose of educating heathen youth from various parts of the world. After they have received their education, they are to be sent home to instruct their own countrymen. In 1821 the number of heathen pupils was 29; of whom 7 were Sandwich islanders, 1 Otaheitan, 1 New Zealander, 1 Malay and 19 Amer

ican Indians. Several natives of the Sandwich islands, who were educated at this school, have already returned to their country well qualified for usefulness.

A Law school was established at Litchfield in 1784 by the Hon. Tapping Reeve. It has been justly considered as the most respectable and systematic law school in the United States. The number of students educated since its establishment is more than 600.

Bacon academy in Colchester, 15 miles west of Norwich, was founded in 1801. Its funds are $30,000 and the number of scholars is usually about 90. The Episcopal academy at Cheshire, 13 miles north of New-Haven, has a fund of $25,000; and usually about 70 students. There are also academies at Plainfield, Litchfield, and almost all the principal towns in the state.

Common schools are universally established. They are supported by a school fund arising from the sale of lands in Ohio, which formerly belonged to the state. This fund amounted in May 1821 to $1,700,000, and the yearly income, together with $12,000 from the public taxes, is annually devoted to the maintenance of common schoolmasters in every town in the state. The amount paid to the towns from this fund in 1818 was $70,914. The whole amount of the state tax in 1817 was only $48,362; the income of the fund exceeding the amount of the tax by more than 22,000 dollars.

Religion.] The Congregationalists are the most numerous religious denomination. In 1818 they had 213 congregations; the Episcopalians, 74; Baptists, 90; and Methodists 53. There are very few of any other sect.

Government.] The legislative power of the state, according to the new constitution, adopted in 1818, is vested in a general assembly, consisting of two houses, viz. the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate consists of 12 members, chosen annually by general ballot. The House of Representatives consists of 201 members, chosen by the different towns; the larger towns being each entitled to two Representatives and the smaller towns to one. The executive power is vested in a governor who holds his office for one year. A lieutenant governor is also appointed, who is ex officio President of the Senate. Any person of 21 years of age, having resided in a town for six months, and possessing a freehold estate of the annual value of seven dollars is entitled to vote at all elections of state officers. The judicial power of the state is vested in a Supreme court of errors, a Superior court, and such inferior courts as the General Assembly shall from time to time establish. The judges of the Supreme court and of the superior court hold their offices during good behaviour, but no judge or justice of the peace is capable of holding his office after he has arrived at the age of 70 years.

Population] The population in 1790 was 23,946; in 1800, 251,002; in 1810, 261,942, and in 1820, 275,248. The state is very thickly settled, and many thousands emigrate every year to the western country.

Roads and bridges.] There are numerous turnpike roads, connecting the principal towns and intersecting the state in every direction. The most expensive is that from Hartford to NewHaven, which is 34 miles long. The common roads are generally good. The most considerable bridge is that over the Connecticut at Hartford. The bridges on this river are frequently carried away by freshets, especially when the ice breaks up in the spring of the year.

Mineral waters.] There is a mineral spring at Stafford, which is more celebrated than any other in New-England. The waters are efficacious in cases of dropsy, gout, rheumatism, scorbutic, scrofulous and cancerous complaints; and are much resorted to in the summer season.

Manufactures.] In Connecticut a larger portion of the population are engaged in manufactures than in any other state except Rhode Island. The manufacture of tin into culinary vessels is carried on to a very great extent. The ware, thus made, is taken by pedlars and sold in all parts of the United States, in Florida, Louisiana and Canada. Berlin, 10 miles south of Hartford, is the principal seat of the tin manufacture. In Hamden, which adjoins New-Haven on the north, there is an extensive gun factory, where large quantities of fire arms have been made. Cotton and woollen goods, naiis, glass, hats, buttons, wooden clocks, and many other articles are among the manufactures.

Commerce. The principal exports are horses, mules, butter and cheese, cider, Indian corn, beef, pork, &c. The foreign trade is carried on principally with the West Indies; but the exports in the coasting trade to the Southern states are of more value than those in the foreign trade.

NEW-YORK.

Situation and Extent.] New York is bounded N. by Lower Canada; E. by Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut; S. by New-Jersey and Pennsylvania; and W. and N. W. by Upper Canada, from which it is separated by lake Erie, Niagara river, lake Ontario, and the river St. Lawrence. It extends from 40° 35′ to 45° N. lat. and from 73° to 79° 55′ W. lon. Its length from east to west on the parallel of 42° is 340 miles. The area is estimated at 46,000 square miles or 29,494,720

acres.

Divisions.] The state contains 4 districts, which are divided into 50 counties, and subdivided into towns.

ous.

959,049 1,372,812

Face of the Country.] The southeastern angle of the state is mountainous, being traversed by several ridges from New-Jersey. The country near lake Champlain is hilly, and becomes mountainous as you approach the height of land which divides the waters flowing into this lake from those flowing into the St. Lawrence. West of this height of land, a fine country, at first hilly, then level and fertile, extends to the St. Lawrence and lake Ontario. The western part of the state is principally level, except near the Pennsylvania boundary, where it becomes hilly and mountainFrom Genessee river, near its mouth, to Lewiston on the Niagara river, there is a remarkable ridge running in a direction from east to west almost the whole distance, which is 78 miles. Its general height above the neighboring land is 30 feet; its width varies considerably, and in some places is not more than 40 yards. Its elevation above the level of lake Ontario is perhaps 160 feet, to which it descends by a gradual slope, and its distance from that water is between 6 and 10 miles. There is every reason to believe that this remarkable ridge was once the margin of lake Ontario. About 20 miles south of this ridge, and parallel with it, there is another, which runs from Genesee river to Black rock on Niagara riyer. The country between the two ridges is called the Tonnewanta valley, and there is some reason to believe that it was once covered with the waters of lake Erie.

Mountains.] The mountains of New-York are sometimes considered as a continuation of the great Alleghany or Appalachian ranges. Several ridges come from Pennsylvania and NewJe-r