fallen behind Providence in commerce and population. The number of inhabitants in 1820 was 7,319.

Bristol is on the cast side of Narraganset bay, 15 miles S. S. E. of Providence. It has a safe and commodious harbor, and is a place of considerable trade. The amount of shipping owned here in 1815 was 6,944 tons. Population, in 1820, 3,197. Warren is a pleasant town adjoining Bristol on the north. Warwick, on Greenwich bay, 10 miles S. S. W. of Providence, is extensively engaged in the manufacture of cotton goods. It has no less than 15 cotton factories, and in 1820 contained 3,643 inhabitants. Pawtucket village, situated at the falls of Pawtucket river, 4 miles N.E. of Providence, is one of the most flourishing manufacturing villages in the United States.

Education.] Brown university in Providence is one of the most flourishing and respectable literary institutions in the United States. It was originally established at Warren, in 1764, and was removed to Providence in 1770. It has a president, 8 professors, 2 tutors and 160 students. The college library contains about 6,000 volumes, and the society libraries of the students 2,000 or 3,000 more. The philosophical apparatus is extensive and complete. There are two college edifices of brick, containing rooms for 200 students. They are pleasantly situated on an eminence, and command an extensive and variegated prospect. It is required that the president and a majority of the trustees of this university should be of the Baptist denomination.

Common schools are not supported by law in Rhode-Island as in the other New-England states. Academies, however, are established in all the principal towns, and private schools are maintained during the winter months in almost every part of the

state.

Population.] The population in 1790 was 68,835; in 1800, 69,122; in 1810, 76,931; in 1820, 83,059, or 53 for each square mile. In Charlestown, on the southern shore of the state, are the remains of the once famous Narraganset tribe of Indians. They are now reduced to about 100 souls, and are a miserable, degraded race of beings.

Religion.] The Baptists are the most numerous denomination of Christians. They have 57 congregations; the Friends, 18; Congregationalists, 11; Episcopalians, 5; Moravians, 1; Jews, 1.

Government.] The constitution of the state is the charter' granted to the colony by Charles II. in 1663. The legislative power is vested in a General Assembly consisting of two branches, the Senate and House of Representatives. The Senate consists of ten members, and the House of Representatives of two deputies from each town, with the exception of Providence, Portsmouth, Warwick and Newport; the three first of which are entitled to four each, and the last to six. The Representatives are chosen semi-annually. The executive power is vested in a Governor, or, in case of his death, in a Lieut. Governor, both of whom have

seats in the Senate. The possession of a freehold estate is a ne cessary qualification of a voter.

Manufactures and Commerce.] In no state in the Union is so large a proportion of the population and capital employed in manufactures as in Rhode-Island. The principal article is cotton goods, which are manufactured in large quantities in Providence and the vicinity. There are now more than 90 cotton mills in the state, many of which are extensive establishments.-The exports are fish, beef, pork, cattle, lumber, &c. Cotton goods and other manufactured articles are also transported in considerable quantities to the Southern states. In 1819 there were 33 banks in this state, of which 7 were at Providence, 5 at Newport, and 5 at Bristol.

CONNECTICUT.

Situation and Extent.] Connecticut is bounded N. by Massachusetts; E. by Rhode-Island; S. by Long-Island sound; and W. by New-York. It extends from 41° to 42° 2′ N. lat. and from 71° 29′ to 73° 24′ W. lon. It is 72 miles long on the northern boundary and 45 on the eastern. The area is estimated at 4,674 square miles.

Divisions.] The state is divided into 8 counties and 122 towns.

The four first named counties border on Long-Island sound from east to west; the four last border on Massachusetts from west to east. Hartford and Middlesex counties are intersected by Connecticut river.

Face of the Country.] The face of the country is greatly diversified by hills and vallies. The hills are generally of a moderate size, and occur in quick succession, presenting to the traveller a beautiful and constantly varying prospect. There are several ranges of mountains which come from Massachusetts, and traversing the state from north to south terminate near Long-Island sound. Beginning in the east, the first is the Lyme range,

which runs on the east side of Connecticut river, at the distance of 8 or 10 miles, and terminates in Lyme at the mouth of the river. This range throws off a branch in Glastenbury, which runs S. W. across Connecticut river and terminates in East Haven. The next is the Mount Tom range, which runs on the west side of the Connecticut, in a direction nearly south, and terminates at NewHaven in a fine perpendicular bluff called East Rock. The Green mountain range is still farther west. It runs nearly parallel with the Mount Tom range and terminates also in New-Haven in a noble bluff called West Rock. The Taghkannuc range runs on the west side of the Hooestennuc along the western boundary of the state, and terminates in Norwalk near the S. W. extremi, ty of the state. There are no lofty summits in these ranges. The highest are the Blue hills, in Southington, in the Mount Tom range, and these are supposed not to exceed 1,000 feet in height. Soil and Productions.] The soil is generally excellent, and fitted for all the purposes of agriculture. Much of it has been under actual cultivation for the greater part of a century, and still retains its original strength. The county of Pairfield and the interval land on Connecticut river are the best in the state. Indian corn, rye, grass and potatoes are the principal agricultural productions. Oats and flax are also raised extensively. Almost every farm has one or more orchards, and great quantities of cider are annually made. The crops of onions, turnips and beans are also of great consequence to the Connecticut farmer. Immense numbers of neat cattle and of hogs are fattened upon maize. Cheese is made in great quantities and constitutes the chief produce of several towns.

Rivers.] The following are the principal rivers, beginning in the east; 1. The Thames is formed by Shetucket and Yantic rivers which unite at Norwich landing; whence the common stream pursues a southerly course for 14 miles, and discharges itself into Long-Island sound at New-London. It is navigable for sea vessels to Norwich. The Shetucket is formed by the union of the Willimantic, Mount Hope and several other streams, which rise in the northern part of the state and unite in the town of Windham; whence the common stream proceeds in a S. E. direction, and after receiving the Quinibaug from the east, joins Yantic river and forms the Thames. The Quinibaug rises on the borders of Massachusetts, and running south joins the Shetucket 3 miles above Norwich landing.

2. The Connecticut comes from Massachusetts, and running at first in a southerly and afterwards in a southeasterly direction, falls into Long-Island sound between Saybrook and Lyme. There is a bar at the mouth which at full tide has 10 feet water. The river is navigable for vessels drawing 8 feet of water to Hartford, -50 miles. Farmington river is a western branch of the Connecticut. It rises in Massachusetts, and runs in a southeasterly direction to Farmington in this state, where it turns to the north and running at the foot of the western declivity of the Mount Tom range of mountains for 15 miles, is joined by Salmon river and

rushes through an opening in the range and down a considerable cataract, after which it is called Windsor river, under which name it pursues a southeasterly direction, and joins the Connecticut 4 miles above Hartford. A canal is in contemplation to connect Farmington river with New-Haven harbor.

3. The Hooestennuc rises in the northern part of Berkshire county in Massachusetts, and running in a southerly direction, between the Taghkannuc and Green mountain ranges, enters this state near its N. W. corner, between the townships of Canaan and Salisbury. About 7 miles from the line it is precipitated over a perpendicular declivity 60 feet in height; after which it runs at first in a southerly and then in a southeasterly direction till it falls into the sound between Milford and Stratford. A bar of shells at its mouth prevents the entrance of large vessels. It is navigable for sloops and brigs 12 miles, to Derby.

Chief Towns.] There are 5 incorporated cities in Connecticut, viz. Hartford, New-Haven, Middletown, New-London and Norwich.

Hartford, one of the capitals of the state, is regularly laid out on the west bank of Connecticut river, 50 miles from its mouth. It is advantageously situated for trade, being at the head of sloop navigation, and having an extensive, fertile and thrifty back country. The city is generally well built and makes a handsome appearance. Among the public buildings are a state house; an asylum for the deaf and dumb, and 6 houses of public worship. There are also 8 distilleries, and manufacturing establishments of va rious kinds. An elegant bridge over the Connecticut, built at an expense of more than $100,000, connects the town with East Hartford. Population of the city in 1820, 4,726, and including the township 6,901.

New-Haven, the seat of Yale college and the semi-capital of Connecticut, lies around the head of a harbor, which sets up 4 miles from Long-Island sound, 34 miles S. S. W. of Hartford. The city is built on a large plain, encircled on all sides except those occupied by the water, by a fine amphitheatre of hills and mountains, several of which present bold and perpendicular fronts, nearly 400 feet in height. The city is divided into two parts, called the Old and New Townships. The old town is laid out in a large square, divided into 9 smaller squares; each 52 rods on a side, and separated by streets 4 rods in breadth. The central square is open, and is believed to be one of the handsomest in the United States. On and around it are most of the public buildings, viz. a state house; six college edifices; 3 elegant churches, 2 for Congregationalists and 1 for Episcopalians; and a Methodist church.

The houses in New-Haven are generally built of wood, in a neat and commodious, but not in an expensive style. Several of those recently erected, however, are elegant and stately edifices of brick. The principal streets are ornamented with trees, and most of the houses are furnished with a piece of ground in the rear, sufficiently large for a garden and fruit trees, giving to the

city a rural and pleasant appearance. In the north corner of the town, a burying ground has been laid out on a plan entirely new. The field is divided into parallelograms, which are subdivided into family burying places. The ground is planted with trees; the monuments are almost universally of marble, and a considerable number are obelisks. The whole has a solemn and impressive appearance.

The harbor is well defended from winds, but is shallow and gradually filling up with mud. This difficulty has been remedied in part by the construction of a wharf nearly a mile in length, extending into the harbor. Population of the city in 1820, 7,147, and including the township, 8,327.

Middletown is pleasantly situated on the west bank of Connecticut river 31 miles from its mouth, 15 miles south of Hartford, and 26 N. E. of New-Haven. It is a flourishing town, and has considerable commerce. There are also several important manufactories in the town. most of them recently established. Among them are a sword factory, where about 5,000 swords are annually manufactured; a pistol factory, which employs 60 or 70 men, who make 8,000 or 10,000 pistols annually; a rifle factory, which employs from 25 to 30 hands, and produces 1,000 or 1,200 rifies in a year; an ivory comb factory, and a factory of block-tin buttons. These have all been established since 1813, and most of the swords, pistols and rifles have been sold to the government of the United States. Population of the city in 1820, 2,618; and including the township, 6,479.

New-London is near the S. E. corner of the state, on the west bank of the Thames, 3 miles from its entrance into the sound. The harbor is the best in the state, having 5 fathoms water, and being safe, spacious and accessible at all seasons of the year; but it is easily blockaded, as was proved during the late war. It is defended by two forts on opposite sides of the river. The inhabitants own considerable shipping, employed in the coasting trade, the trade with the West Indies, and the fisheries. Population in 1820, 3,330.

Norwich is on the Thames, 14 miles north of New-London and 38 S. E of Hartford. It is favorably situated for trade, being at the head of navigation on the river, and having an extensive and productive back country. The Yantic river, which here unites with the Shetucket to form the Thames, lias a cataract about a mile from its mouth, remarkable for its romantic scenery, and affording fine sites for mills and manufacturing establishments. The point of land formed by the union of Shetucket and Yantic rivers is called Chelsea landing, and is the seat of most of the commercial business of the place. Population of the city in 1820, 2,983, and including the township, 3,634.

Litchfield, the seat of a celebrated law school and of Morris academy, is 30 miles W. of Hartford and 36 N. N. W. of NewHaven. Wethersfield is pleasantly situated on the west bank of Conecticut river 4 miles below Hartford. It is famous for raising great quantities of onion. Saybrook, one of the oldest towns