the pause both before and after the significant expression. Let us consider some typical instances where the emphatic pause could be used to advantage.

My advice to you regarding this whole city management plan can be summed up in just one word"don't!"

The State Investigating Committee finally brought forward against the company a paltry bill for three thousand dollars! - twelve expensive men working a month to produce that result.

Here you have the essence of Carlyle's philosophy-work! whether with the hand or with the

brain.

In employing the emphatic pause, the speaker must be physically and mentally alert, evincing in his outward bearing during the pause an intensity of mind which makes the silence more expressive than words could be. Furthermore, the device should not be used so frequently as to become commonplace and, therefore, unimpressive.

A second use for the marked pause is after the close of a very significant sentence, complex thought, or rhetorical question, any one of which may need more than ordinary reflection on the part of the audience. The speaker ought always to be conscious of the fact that he is, in most cases, sure of his ground, whereas the audience is there for the purpose of getting his viewpoint, hearing new ideas, digesting them, comparing them with their own views, accepting here and rejecting there,— all of which takes time. And it is particularly desirable that at crucial or difficult points the speaker should give his listeners special time, for his own sake and theirs. Unless, of course, he is a demagogue or spell-binder, who

depends upon carrying his message on the crest of a spouting wave which is in danger of breaking on the shores of deliberation. The 'pause at the points just mentioned also permits the speaker to observe whether his hearers are in accord with him or need to be further informed or convinced before he passes on. Consider, for example, how desirable would be the use of pause in delivering the following passage from one of Burke's speeches.

Do you imagine that it is the Land Tax Act which raises your revenue? that it is the annual vote of the Committee of Supply which gives you your army? or that it is the Mutiny Bill which inspires it with bravery?

A third use of the marked pause is to designate an abrupt break in the sense or construction, such as a parenthetical remark, an exclamation, an appositional expression, or a series of words or phrases more distinctly separated than the ordinary sequence discussed under phrasing. The following sentences illustrate the constructions mentioned.

If, sir, I wished to find a strong and perfect illustration of the effects which I anticipate from long copyright, I should select,- my honorable and learned friend will be surprised, I should select the case of Milton's granddaughter. (MACAULAY)

Chops

gracious

sauce! (DICKENS)

heavens! and tomato

Then, if we live up to them we shall keep the words an American citizen" what they now are,

66

the noblest title any man can bear. (LODGE)

Ten fifteen-twenty minutes go by like a reluctant century. (TAYLOR)

A fourth occasion for the marked pause is in case of doubt, or need for careful deliberation on the part of the speaker. The pause which permits the audience to reflect has already been mentioned; and the speaker, at times, may wish to weigh his conclusions, or to deliberate on the exact manner of presenting them. This point is mentioned because so many students tend to become badly flustered if they have to pause for this purpose. The pause is often perfectly reasonable and justifiable, and unless the speaker foolishly allows it to disturb his poise, it will not be looked upon by the audience as a sign of weakness.

Finally, the marked pause may on occasion be advantageously employed to indicate a transition from one phase of an address to another. Sometimes a speaker sets out in a convincing way to discuss a specifically stated point, but after he has been speaking for a time the listener finds himself no longer able to connect the discussion with the point supposedly under consideration. Presently a chance statement reveals the fact that for some time the speaker has been talking on a new point. This common occurrence is very disadvantageous to the speaker. It may not always be desirable to state at the opening of each new phase the exact point to be presented, but whether or not that is done, the pause is always available to help in indicating a transition and to invite the audience to take a fresh start on the subject.

EXERCISES

I The answer is just this it can't be done.
II If I were an American, as I am an Englishman,
while a foreign troop was landed on my shores

I would never lay down my arms
never never! (PITT)

III You cannot I venture to say it

not conquer America. (PITT)

never

you can

IV A craven hung along the battle's edge, And thought,-"Had I a sword of keener steel

That blue blade that the king's son bears

but this

Blunt thing!" he snapt and flung it from his

VI Gentlemen of the jury, if there is a culprit

here, it is not my son, it is myself, it is I! (HUGO)

VII Why should any one be grateful for company? why should time and money be lavished on visitors? They come you overwork yourself. They go — you are glad of it.

(PORTER)

VIII I saw him at Leipsic in defeat and disaster driven by a million bayonets back upon Paris

Europe; out of the middle class of Englishmen, the best blood in the Island. And

with it he conquered what? - Englishmen,— their equals. (PHILLIPS)

X Dead! one of them shot by the sea in the east, And one of them shot in the west by the sea,-Dead! both my boys! (E. B. BROWNING) XI I have known a case and probably many of

you can recall some almost equal to it where one worthy woman could count father, brother, husband, and son-in-law, all drunkards,— no man among her near kindred, except her son, who was not a victim of this vice. (PHILLIPS)

XII There was a South of Slavery and Secession that South is dead. There is a South of Union and Freedom - that South, thank God, is living, breathing, growing every hour.

XIII Has reason fled from our borders?

(GRADY)

Have we

ceased to reflect? I tell you plainly that the bill, should it pass, cannot be enforced.

(CALHOUN)

XIV He is going to be an emperor. Let him be one; — but let him remember — that though

you may secure an empire you cannot secure an easy conscience. (HUGO)

XV In his ears rang the words "For France!"

They came like an echo from the past; it was

the same cry he had

heard at Waterloo.

words.
words were conse-

"For France!" the

crated; the Emperor himself had used them. (PAGE)

XVI We are two travelers, Roger and I.

Roger's my dog.— Come here, you scamp.