VOL. 6.] Massacre of the Mamluks. to be Emir Hadge, or Prince of Pilgrims, which means the escorter of pilgrimage; Selim Bey was to be the Governor of Upper Egypt; and Shaheen Bey was to be about the northern parts of Egypt," &c. &c. This sanguinary triumph was of short duration. Mohammed Aly appeared in force, and on a treaty being concluded, the jealous Beys separated from each other. Shaheen Bey had his former dominions restored to him, but to reside with all his suit at Cairo instead of Giza, thus putting himself into the power of his enemy. This led to the total destruction of the Mamluks. 'On Shaheen Bey's departing from the other Beys, Ossman Bey Hassan approached him, put his hand upon his shoulders, and said the following words, with his tears flowing down his cheeks: —“ My son Shaheen, you know very well that I was a sincere friend to your father, and then to I you; see that you neither wished to follow your father's will, nor to listen to my advice; you are now going north, and we going south, but if you do not repent for what you have done, I shall let you shave my beard."* In Sept. 1810, we left the other Beys at Ckorné, and came to Hooh, where my employer, Shaheen Bey Elfy, had an interview with Hassan Pashá Arnaóott, and the treaties were signed. Now Mohammed Aly,being sure of the miserable and weak state of the Beys left in Upper Egypt, sent an expedition under the command of his eldest son, Ibrahim Pasha, to drive them out of the kingdom. He pursued them as far as Ibrim,till they were compelled to take refuge in Dongolú and Núbia. Having thus succeeded in clearing the kingdom from the greatest part of them, he (Mohammed Aly) turned his attention to an atrocious plan to extirpate the rest, who had believed his sincerity, and were at his mercy.-When his first expedition against the Wahhabies, in 1811, was nearly ready, and the troops were encamped at Berket * The most indignant act that can be offered to a chief, or to any respectable Mohammedan, especially an old man, is that of shaving off his beard after its being grown. 171 El-hadge, out of Cairo, he gave a pub- Every preparation of splendour and luxury was, naturally, exerted by every chief as much as possible, for the honour of the Pasha and his son, particularly being on a religious enterprise. "The intended, but horrid and mournful Friday came, when Shaheen Bey Elfy collected all the Beys under his order (except Ahmed Bey, who was then on some business at Dashoor) at his palace; the whole of whom were the most elegant Circassians and Georguns, accompanied by their favourite Mamluks, dressed in the richest uniforms, armed with the most splendid arms, and mounted on the finest horses! They left their homes, wives, and chilren, about nine o'clock in the morning, and proceeded on a grand procession through the city to the citadel, as innocently as so many lambs to the butchery! 'After they were gone I mounted my ass, and went to the citadel. My curiosity induced me to go to the antidrawing-room of the Pasha's apartments, where I saw that the door of the drawing room with the shutters of the win-. dows at the sides were shut up. I contrived to make my way thro' the multitude of a mixture of rude troops, (who were rather surprised to see me,the only Christian there,) till I succeeded in getting a position by the side of the windows; but not without being insulted several times. However I ventured to peep through the shutters, where I saw Mohammed Aly, Shaheen Bey Elfy, Hassan Pasha, Tahér Pashú, and Ahmed Bey Arnoolt, or the Albanies, conversing together, and smoking their pipes. A half of an hour after, the kahkiá Bey was called in, and ordered to bring the pellice intended for the investment of Mohammed Aly's son, to be inspected by Shaheen Bey and the others. The pellice was brought and highly admired by every one of them. I heard the kakhia Bey saying, that its value was 25,000 piastres, about 1000l. Mohammed Aly inquired whether Tóssún Pusha, his son, and every necessary for the procession, were ready, and asked the kakhiá Bey if all the military chiefs bad come. He then desired Shaheen Bey to superintend, together with the kakhiá Bey, the arrangements of the procession, and to prepare all the Beys, of whom he was the head, to precede immediately before his son and court! Shaheen Bey, of course, on the Pasbá's request left the room, and went with the kakhiá Bey to the great divan, where all the other Beys and chiefs were; and he began to direct them how to proceed in the procession with their respective suites. Meanwhile the kakhiá Bey was recalled into the drawing-room again, where, after his arrival, the door and shutters were re-shut up, and strict orders given that nobody should approach the windows. Mohammed Aly, Hassan Pashá, Tahér Pasha, Ahmed Bey Arnabolt, and the kakhiá Bey, remained in a deep conversation about an hour, when the inhuman and bloody plot was arranged: till this moment, none of them was aware of Mohammed Aly's atrocious design! Even the kakhiá Bey himself, who is his prime minister, knew nothing of it! After the sanguinary consultation was over, the kakhiá Bey returned to the great divan, where Tóssún Pashá was playing and laughing with Shaheen Bey and the others. He (the Kakhia) desired him to walk to his father's apartments, together with the great chiefs there. On his arrival in the drawing-room, the pellice was put over his shoulders, and he went and kissed his father's hand. Terrible exclamations now of prayers for the Sultan and the Pasha, with cheers of hope for the victory, were heard all over the castle, which was completely crowded with soldiery. The Beys, as well as the other chiefs, paid their congratulations to the Pasha and his proclaimed son, and went to form the procession. The cavalcade began at first with the Janissaries, who proceeded on foot from the court of the castle, followed by the Dalies. The Albanies cavalry were the next to them who went out of the castle; and the innocent Beys were the last who preceded the Pasha's son. More than an hour elapsed till the whole of them left the court of the castle. Mohammed Aly now came out of his apartment, accompanied by Hassan Pashá Arnaóott only, and went to a small room on the stair-case of the divan, looking over the court of the castle. He appeared to me very much agitated, and in a state of the utmost uneasiness his eyes and face looked fiercely, and full of blood--he was dressed in a blue garment, pink robe, and pink turban : he is a well-shaped man, about five feet six inches high, of light sharp eyes, and reddish beard. 'When the court became less crowded, and the cavalcade was yet going out of the principal entrance, I went through the ruins at the west side of the citadel, by the remains of the ancient building called Joseph's hall, which is a short cut, and I came just in contact at the top of the descent (the walls of which were immensely crowded with troops, where is a wooden railed gate made by the French,) with the end of the Bey's cavalry; I stopped to see Tóssún Pashá passing, intending then to go out of the east gate, where I had left my servant with the ass, and to proceed to see the whole procession through the city. But while standing there, among the soldiery, and when the last, except a few, of the Beys' horsemen had passed, I saw, to my utmost horror, (nay, not myself only, but every one of the crowd, even Tóssún Pashá himself, saw) the gate closed, and Ahmed Bey Arnaoott, running about the walls and screaming to the troops "fire ;" who, being not aware of the plot, and seeing that if they had extended their arms with the pistols, they must touch, with the muzzles, either a head or a part of a human body, were rather at a loss where to fire, and did not fire immediately! Whereupon Ahmed Bey himself took out his pistol and fired it at one of the Beys; FOL. 6.] Dr. Cross on the Foot and Leg. by doing which, a horrible and unfailing fire was, of course, opened upon them from every direction. The spectacle of the poor innocent victims falling off their horses from one side and from the other, was most awful to every human sense. The languid screaming of them was most shocking to the feelings; and the terror altogether was beyond imagination! The few of them who by chance were not killed or wounded by the first fire, alighted from their horses, but being so dreadfully confined within that narrow passage, could not assist themselves at all; and when the railed gate was opened, after the first firing, they ran (as I did myself) into the castle, seeking for mercy. But with the utmost degree of atrocity, they were pursued by the soldiery, and picked up one by one! 'Shaheen Bey was found among them, slightly wounded in his head and arm : he requested the soldiers who took him, to carry him to the presence of Mohammed Aly, who, on hearing that Shaheen Bey Elfy was still alive, was so brutish and barbarous as to order, without hesitation, his head to be immediately brought to him! and all the other Beys who were taken prisoners to be also beheaded! Poor Shaheen Bey was carried to the door of the mosque, east of the ruins of Joseph's Hall, and there ended his existence. His head was 173 brought to Mohammed Aly, then most cruelly sent to his unhappy wife! Afterwards it was skinned, the skin filled up with straw, and sent to Constantinople. The prisoners, or the other Beys, were taken to the stable under the great divan, and from the back gate were carried, like lambs, one after the other, to the ruins by the south wall of the castle, where, to the horror of every feeling of sensibility, they were most inhumanly beheaded ! • Dromedaryers were now dispatched with orders from Mohammed Aly to the governors of every province, to seize all the Mamluks who might be found, or have been sent by Shaheen Bey on business, in the villages, and send them in chains to Cairo. 'About 200 of these unfortunates were collected from the country, and sent to Old Cairo, where they likewise were most barbarously beheaded. The whole number of the poor innocent victims of this most atrocious and horrible massacre, (of which no human sense could form an idea,) was between 6 and 700! Thus the Mamluks were extirpated from Egypt, and the house of Elfy extinguished, except Emeen Bey* and Ahmed Bey, who by receiving a letter from his wife at Cairo, succeeded in effecting his escape to Nubia.' • One of the slaves who had been with Elfy Bey in England. DR. CROSS ON THE FOOT AND LEG.* Extracted from Blackwood's (Ed.) Magazine. THE Doctor commences his treatise with some allusions to a former work, in which he had embodied his views of the structure of some of the most important parts of the human frame, and remarks, that however well these may be entitled to the first place in rank and estimation, without instruments of locomotion, they would be of no avail to their professor. Motion, he well observes, is a thing so familiar to us, that we are little capable of reflecting on its true nature or importance; and yet, he continues, had man never before perceived motion, the slightest movement would have been, "Unlike the chemical motions amongst the particles of matter-unlike the rushing of the loose element of water On the Mechanism and Motions of the Human Foot and Leg; by John Cross, M.D. Glasgow. 1819. 66 to its level, or of the looser element of cold-blooded animals all their days, he air to its equilibrium-unlike the sub- has more humanely and wisely been lime gliding of worlds, these projectiles speculating on the admirable mechaof Deity, through empty uuresisting nism of their frames and motions. space-animal motion is performed by Nothing can be more ingenious than a complicate machinery, which has to the following passage. work, by its own exertions, its laborious and definite way, step by step, through a resisting medium. This animal machinery is composed of a solid frame-work of various bones, curiously joined together into one firm moveable instrument, upon which is fixed a complexture of muscular and tendinous ropes, so constituted as to be capable of drawing in indefinitely various degrees of force, velocity, and extent, and so arranged as to be capable of pulling in every moveable direction." The truth is that this difference obtains between animal motion and all other motion, of whatever kind; for whatever motion is apparently more complex than animal motion, is in fact nothing more than the result and creation of animal motion--and could not have existed, or continue to exist, with out the exertion of man's hands and feet. The work of a clock can spin out motion for a length of time-but can it ever produce so much of the original momentum which sets the motion a-going as would bruise the minutest fibre of the most airy down? On the motion of fish the Doctor has some very interesting remarks, which, we confess, much as we are skilled in all the mysteries of angling, were quite novel to us. It is wonderful how long one may go on hooking trout and spearing salmon, without taking one single philosophical view of the natural style of motion practised by these victims of our art and malice. We think nothing of them, except as things catchable, and perhaps as things eatable. Indeed it would be a cruel piece of mockery in a bloody tormentor, such as Isaac Walton or ourselves, ever to affect any pleasure in any merely innocent kind of contemplation of the "mute children of ocean,' as Eschylus calls them. But Dr. Cross, we suppose, is no angler, and while others have, been in cold blood butchering The shape best calculated for moving onward and about is represented by the salmon-long from head to taildeep from back to breast-narrow from side to side. But how is the animal with such a shape duly to maintain such a critical position, more especially as there is a continual tendency, from the preponderancy of the back, to turn upside down, as it seems in a dead fish floating in the water. The equality of the fish to the watar, in point of specific gravity, adds to the difficulty of maintaining the evenly posture. The whole bodily arrangement of the fish, in short, seems to conspire against the posture which it must and does maintain during lite. What plan does Nature adopt in this seeming emergency? She just avails herself of all these apparent disadvantages, and turns them to the very best account. She furnishes the animal with fins, which it behoves assiduously to ply in resistance to this tendency of the body to turn upside down. This is a device that so. combines simplicity with utility as to transcend all ordinary mechanical contrivances. From the simple arrangement of making the back heavier than the belly, the fins must labour to sustain the body against a weight, whose tendency is merely to turn it upside down, with the same activity and perseverance that are necessary to counteract a weight, whose tendency is to drag the animal to the bottom. Thus the fish, by keeping the fins in constant and active play, possesses all the steadiness that weight can confer without the continual disadvantage of sinking. This buoyancy of the lower part of the body virtually constitutes a standing, upon which the upper and heavier part must be constantly poised; so that the fish, though equal in specific gravity to the water, and equally pressed by it on all sides, has a centre of gravity to balance upon a base of sup ort. To maintain the equilibrium, and to adjust VOL. 6.] Dr. Cross on the Foot and Leg. the position of the body to the direction of the course, is almost the whole duty belonging to those fins that are arranged over the body; while the tail fin is the main instrument of motion-of turning round, and of darting forward. Nay, it is astonishing how long a fish, cropped of all the other fins, can balance itself, or can recover the balance when lost, with the tail fin alone, as if it were paramount; until by the extraordinary exertion, necessarily called forth, the animal at length becomes exhausted, by and bye begins to reel, then fairly turns up its belly, and ere long expires. The tail fin, towards which the anatomist finds so much muscle disposed on each side, acts at once as helm and paddle. Thus the fish, by striking the tail to the right, wheels to the left; by striking it to the left, wheels to the right; and by striking it doubly to right and left, or to left and right, darts forward with a rapidity which often escapes the acutest eye. It is almost incredible how the salmon, in prosecuting its instinctive route up fresh-water streams, by a few lashes with the tail in the pool below, surmounts cascades of remarkable height. It is scarcely requisite to mention, that the rapidity of swimming is proportional, other circumstances being equal to the size of fish." But fishes are not the only tenants of the deep-there are abundance of animals which make use of the air on the surface of the water, as well as of the food that is below-these are whales -dolphins-sea-unicorns, &c.&c. who do not breathe water by means of gills, but pure air by means of lungs, chest, and nostrils, opening at the top of the head-in the common language of mariners, "blowing fishes." "Enjoying warm blood, a more complete circulation, a more vigorous life, and a more efficient structure, these animals prey upon fishes, properly so called, and hold the government of the mighty deep by the right of strength, and upon the principle of rapacity. Their blubber, from being lighter than water, enables them to dispense with air-bags; and, from being a slow conductor of heat, enables them to maintain 175 a high temperature in the midst of so cold a medium. For enabling them to ascend to the surface for breath, and then to dive into the deep for food, the tail fins are flattened horizontally. Comparative anatomists have idly and falsely endeavoured to find an analogy between the pectoral and abdominal fins of cold-blooded fishes, and the fore and hind extremities of quadrupeds. Warm blooded cetaceous animals, however, with their four fins, two on the chest, and two on the tail, are virtually quadrupeds in the midst of the ocean. The pectoral fins resemble the anterior extremities of quadrupeds, in function, in situation, and even in structure; but, as the purpose of Nature is not to satisfy the comparative anatomist, by carrying out analogies, but to furnish the animal with organs most suitable for swimming, so the two tail fins resemble the posterior extremities of quadrupeds, not so much in structure as in function. In the amphibious seal and sea-cow, the two hind extremities, stretching backwards, and approximating toward each other, resemble tail fins, and thus form a connecting link between the hind extremities of cetaceous animals, and of quadrupeds. The natural history of cetaceous animals has been but little studied. What hinders their variety and gradation to extend upwards to water monkeys, whose shyness arising from superior cunning, and whose nimbleness arising from superior structure, may have enabled them, amid the trackless unfathomable ocean, so to elude human ken, as to have hitherto held naturalists sceptical with regard to the existence and nature of mermaids. Indeed man has but a scanty knowledge of the inhabitants of the deep. Of the various aqueous strata, and their appropriate inhabitants, he knows but little; for the few which, he entangles and drags up, can give him but hale information of the swarming multitudes and varieties that are left behind. In the fathomless depths and recesses of the pervading ocean, miles below the surface, there may dweil numberless creatures which the light of day has never reached, and to |