but others relate that the Gothic king was nearly as mischievous as the Scottish peer. Page 22, line 145. The dark blue sea. [These words occur a number of times in Byron and have the effect of an Homeric epithet.] Line 155. The well-reeved guns, the netted canopy. To prevent blocks or splinters from falling on deck during action. Line 190. Through Calpe's straits survey the steepy shore. [Calpe, the Greek name of Gibraltar.] Page 23, line 253. But not in silence pass Calypso's isles. Goza is said to have been the island of Calypso. [Goza is near Malta. The real island, Ogygia, of the Odyssey, is of course mythical. In the Télémaque of Fénelon, Mentor and Telemachus visit the island, and Mentor pushes the youth from a cliff into the sea to save him from the seductive charms of Calypso, who was thus bereft of both Odysseus and his son.] Page 24, line 266. Sweet Florence, could another ever share. [Mrs. Spencer Smith, whose acquaintance the poet formed at Malta, -see Miscellaneous Poems, September, 1809, To Florence, p. 157. In one so imaginative as Lord Byron, who, while he infused so much of his life into his poetry, mingled also not a little of poetry with his life, it is difficult,' says Moore, in unravelling the texture of his feelings, to distinguish at all times between the fanciful and the real. His description here, for instance, of the unmoved and "loveless heart," with which he contemplated even the charms of this attractive person, is wholly at variance with the statements in many of his letters; and, above all, with one of the most graceful of his lesser poems, addressed to this same lady, during a thunderstorm on his road to Zitza.'] Line 291. Was not unskilful in the spoiler's art. [It is common to quote in extenuation of this line Byron's statement to Dallas in 1821: 'I am not a Joseph, nor a Scipio, but I can safely affirm, that I never in my life seduced any woman.'] Line 307. 'Tis an old lesson; Time approves it true. [It is interesting to compare with this stanza Shakespeare's Sonnet 129, The expense of spirit in a waste of shame.'] Page 25, line 334. Land of Albania, where Iskander rose. [Iskander is the Turkish word for Alexander; and the celebrated Scanderbeg (Lord Alexander) is alluded to in the third and fourth lines of the stanza.] Line 344. Where sad Penelope o'erlook'd the wave. Ithaca. [The lover's refuge is the rock of Leucadia from which Sappho is fabled to have thrown herself. Sappho is called dark in accordance with the description of Ovid, Candida si non sum (Her. xv. 35).] Page 26, line 397. Ambracia's gulf behold. [Here was fought the battle of Actium where Mark Antony lost the world to follow Cleopatra. Nicopolis was built by Augustus opposite to Actium as a trophy of the victory.] Line 415. Acherusia's lake. According to Pouqueville, the lake of Yanina: but Pouqueville is always out. [The lake of Yanina, or Janina, is not the Acherusian lake. The primal city is Yanina. - Albania's chief is Ali Pacha.] Line 424. Monastic Zitza. The convent and village of Zitza are four hours' journey from Joannina, or Yanina, the capital of the Pachalick. In the valley the river Kalamas (once the Acheron) flows, and, not far from Zitza, forms a fine cataract. The situation is perhaps the finest in Greece. Page 27, line 438. Here dwells the caloyer. The Greek monks are so called. [kaλóyepos, good old man.] Line 488. Laos wide and fierce. [ A mistake for Aous, the modern Viosa.] Page 28, line 498. Survey'd the dwelling of this chief of power. [He (Ali Pacha) had heard that an Englishman of rank was in his dominions, and left orders in Yanina, with the commandant, to provide a house, and supply me with every kind of necessary, gratis. . . . I rode out on the vizier's horses, and saw the palaces of himself and grandsons. I shall never forget the singular scene on entering Tepaleen, at five in the afternoon, as the sun was going down. It brought to my mind (with some change of dress, however) Scott's description of Branksome Castle in his Lay, and the feudal system. The Albanians in their dresses (the most magnificent in the world, consisting of a long white kilt, gold-worked cloak, crimson velvet goldlaced jacket and waistcoat, silver-mounted pistols and daggers); the Tartars, with their high caps; the Turks in their vast pelisses and turbans; the soldiers and black slaves with the horses, the former in groups, in an immense large open gallery in front of the palace, the latter placed in a kind of cloister below it; two hundred steeds ready caparisoned to move in a moment; couriers entering or passing out with despatches; the kettle-drums beating; boys calling the hour from the minaret of the mosque; altogether, with the singular appearance of the building itself, formed a new and delightful spectacle to a stranger.' - Byron in a letter to his mother, November 12, 1809.] Line 532. Ramazani's fast. [The Turkish lent. Compare FitzGerald's stanza in the Rubaiyat :'As under cover of departing Day Slunk hunger-stricken Ramazan away."] Page 29, line 593. And fellow-countrymen have stood aloof. Alluding to the wreckers of Cornwall. Page 30, line 632. The red wine circling fast. The Albanian Mussulmans do not abstain from wine, and, indeed, very few of the others. Line 637. Each Palikar. 'Palikar,' a soldier. Line 649. Tambourgi. A drummer. - These stanzas are partly taken from different Albanese songs, as far as I was able to make them out by the exposition of the Albanese in Romaic and Italian. Page 31, line 686. Let the yellow-hair'd Giaours. Yellow is the epithet given to the Russians. Horsetail, the insignia of a Pacha. - Delhis, horsemen, answering to our forlorn hope. - Selictar, sword-bearer. Line 702. Spirit of freedom! when on Phyle's brow. Phyle, which commands a beautiful view of Athens, has still considerable remains; it was seized by Thrasybulus, previous to the expulsion of the Thirty. Line 729. The city won for Allah from the Giaour. [Constantinople. It was taken by the Franks in the crusade of 1204. - Wahab (d. 1787) introduced a stricter observance of the faith; his followers captured Mecca and Medina.] Page 33, line 810. Save where some solitary column mourns. Of Mount Pentelicus, from whence the marble was dug that constructed the public edifices of Athens. The modern name is Mount Mendeli. An immense cave formed by the quarries still remains, and will, till the end of time. Line 812. Save where Tritonia's airy shrine. [The temple of Athena on Cape Sunium, or Colonna.] Line 843. When Marathon became a magic word. 'Siste Viator-heroa calcas!' was the epitaph on the famous Count Merci; - what then must be our feelings when standing on the tumulus of the two hundred (Greeks) who fell on Marathon? The principal barrow has recently been opened by Fauvel; few or no relics, as vases, etc., were found by the excavator. The plain of Marathon was offered to me for sale at the sum of sixteen thousand piastres, about nine hundred pounds! Alas!-'Expende, quot libras in duce summo- - invenies!' was the dust of Miltiades worth no more? It could scarcely have fetched less if sold by weight. Page 34, line 872. Or gazing o'er the plains where Greek and Persian died. [The original MS. closes with this stanza. The rest was added while the canto was passing through the press.] Line 891. Thou too art gone. See note to stanza ix. page 20.] Page 38, line 158. In pride of place' here last the eagle flew. 'Pride of place' is a term of falconry, and means the highest pitch of flight. See Macbeth: 'An eagle towering in his pride of place.' [Byron quotes from memory, and, as often, not quite correctly.] Line 180. Such as Harmodius drew on Athens' tyrant lord. (Harmodius and Aristogiton delivered Athens from the tyranny of Hippias and Hipparchus, the sons of Pisistratus. A famous skolion, or banquet-song, celebrated the slaying of Hipparchus. The first stanza is thus translated by Denman: 'I'll wreathe my sword in myrtle bough, Line 181. There was a sound of revelry by night. "The Duchess of Richmond's ball, June 15, 1815, the evening before Waterloo. The superb use of contrast in these stanzas can only be parallelled in the corresponding scene of Vanity Fair.] Line 200. Brunswick's fated chieftain. [The father of the Duke of Brunswick, who fell at Quatre-Bras, received his death-wound at Jena.] Page 39, line 234. And Evan's, Donald's fame rings in each clansman's ears! Sir Evan Cameron, and his descendant Donald, the gentle Lochiel' [of Campbell's ballad] of the 'fortyfive.' Line 235. And Ardennes waves above them her green leaves. The wood of Soignies is supposed to be a remnant of the forest of Ardennes,' famous in Boiardo's Orlando, and immortal in Shakspeare's As you like it. It is also celebrated in Tacitus as being the spot of successful defence by the Germans against the Roman encroachments. I have ventured to adopt the name connected with nobler associations than those of mere slaughter. Line 261. Young, gallant Howard. [Byron had written against his father, the Earl of Carlisle, in English Bards.] Page 40, line 270. I turn'd from all she brought. My guide from Mont St. Jean over the field seemed intelligent and accurate. The place where Major Howard fell was not far from two tall and solitary trees (there was a third cut down, or shivered in the battle) which stand a few yards from each other at a pathway's side. Beneath these he died and was buried. The body has since been removed to England. A small hollow for the present marks where it lay, but will probably soon be effaced; the plough has been upon it, and the grain is. Line 303. Like to the apples on the Dead Sea's shore. The (fabled) apples on the brink of the lake Asphaltes were said to be fair without, and within ashes. - Vide Tacitus, Histor. v. 7. Page 41, line 369. For sceptred cynics earth were far too wide a den. The great error of Napoleon, if we have writ our annals true,' was a continued obtrusion on mankind of his want of all community of feeling for or with them; perhaps more offensive to human vanity than the active cruelty of more trembling and suspicious tyranny. Such were his speeches to public assemblies as well as individuals; and the single expression which he is said to have used on returning to Paris after the Russian winter had destroyed his army, rubbing his hands over a fire, This is pleasanter than Moscow,' would probably alienate more favour from his cause than the destruction and reverses which led to the remark. Page 42, line 429. What want these outlaws conquerors should have. 'What wants that knave was King James's question on meeting Johnny Armstrong and his followers in full accoutrements. [See English and Scottish Popular Ballads, Cambridge Ed. p. 417.] Page 43, line 496. The castled crag of Drachenfels. [These verses were written on the banks of the Rhine in May, 1816. They are addressed to his half-sister.] Page 44, line 537. There is a small and simple pyramid. The monument of the young and lamented General Marceau (killed by a rifle-ball at Alterkirchen on the last day of the fourth year of the French republic) still remains as described. The inscriptions on his monument are rather too long, and not required; his name was enough; France adored, and her enemies admired; both wept over him. His funeral was attended by the generals and detachments from both armies. In the same grave General Hoche is interred. Page 45, line 601. Morat ! the proud, the patriot field! [Here in 1476 the Swiss defeated the Duke of Burgundy with great slaughter. Byron found there a small pyramid of bones only, the mortuary chapel, which had contained them, having been destroyed in 1798.] Aventicum, Line 625. Levell'd Aventicum. near Morat, was the Roman capital of Helvetia, where Avenches now stands. [A solitary Corinthian column, the remnant of a temple of Apollo, stands near the town.] Line 627. Julia, the daughter, the devoted. Julia Alpinula, a young Aventian priestess, died soon after a vain endeavour to save her father, condemned to death as a traitor by Aulus Cæcina. Her epitaph was discovered many years ago; it is thus: Julia Alpinula: Hic jaceo. Infelicis patris infelix proles. Deæ Aventiæ Sacerdos. Exorare patris necem non potui: Male mori in fatis ille erat. Vixi annos XXIII.' I know of no human composition so affecting as this, nor a history of deeper interest. These are the names and actions which ought not to perish, and to which we turn with a true and healthy tenderness, from the wretched and glittering detail of a confused mass of conquests and battles, with which the mind is roused for a time to a false and feverish sympathy, from whence it recurs at length with all the nausea consequent on such intoxication. [It must be added that the inscription is really a forgery of a certain Paulus Guilelmus of the sixteenth century.] Line 642. Like yonder Alpine snow. This is written in the eye of Mont Blanc (June 3, 1816), which even at this distance dazzles mine. (July 20th.) I this day observed for some time the distinct reflection of Mont Blanc and Mont Argentière in the calm of the lake, while I was crossing in my boat; the distance of these mountains from their mirror is sixty miles. Page 46, line 673. By the blue rushing of the arrowy Rhone. The colour of the Rhone at Geneva is blue, to a depth of tint which I have never seen equalled in water, salt or fresh, except in the Mediterranean and Archipelago. Lines 693, 694. Remount at last with a fresh pinion. [Compare the similar metaphor in Plato's Phaedrus; also Horace, Od. iii. 2, 24 and ii. 20, 9.] Page 47, line 725. Here the self-torturing sophist, wild Rousseau. [I have traversed all Rousseau's ground with the Héloïse before me, and am struck to a degree, with the force and accuracy of his descriptions, and the beauty of their reality. Meillerie, Clarens, and Vevay, and the Château de Chillon, are places of which I shall say little; because all I could say must fall short of the impressions they stamp.'-B. Letter to Murray, June 27, 1816. This whole passage is a masterpiece of psychological criti cism. Line 743. This breathed itself to life in Julie. [The heroine of Rousseau's Heloise.] Line 745. The memorable kiss. This refers to the account in his Confessions of his passion for the Comtesse d'Houdetot (the mistress of St. Lambert), and his long walk every morning, for the sake of the single kiss which was the common salutation of French acquaintance. Page 49, line 860. The sky is changed! — and such a change! The thunder-storm to which these lines refer occurred on the 13th of June, 1816, at midnight. I have seen, among the Acroceraunian mountains of Chimari, several more terrible, but none more beautiful. Line 878. Now, where the swift Rhone cleaves his way. [The simile is taken from Coleridge's Christabel, ii. 408 ss.] Page 50, line 923. Clarens, birthplace of deep Love! It would be difficult to see Clarens (with the scenes around it, Vevay, Chillon, Boveret, St. Gingo, Meillerie, Eivan, and the entrances of the Rhone), without being forcibly struck with its peculiar adaptation to the persons and events with which it has been peopled. But this is not all: the feeling with which all around Clarens, and the opposite rocks of Meillerie, is invested, is of a still higher and more comprehensive order than the mere sympathy with individual passion; it is a sense of the existence of love in its most extended and sublime capacity, and of our own participation of its good and of its glory: it is the great principle of the universe, which is there more condensed, but not less manifested; and of which, though knowing ourselves a part, we lose our individuality, and mingle in the beauty of the whole. If Rousseau had never written, nor lived, the same associations would not less have belonged to such scenes. He has added to the interest of his works by their adoption; he has shown his sense of their beauty by the selection; but they have done that for him which no human being could do for them. [Byron's note quotes at length from Rousseau, Héloïse, Part iv. Lettre 17, and Les Confessions, iv. p. 306.] Page 51, line 959. He who hath loved not, here would learn that lore. [Compare the refrain of the Pervigilium Veneris: Cras amet qui nunquam amavit, quique amavit cras amet.] Line 978. Of names which unto you bequeath'd a name. Voltaire and Gibbon. Page 52, line 1057. Had I not filed my mind. [Defiled. Compare Macbeth, III. i. 64.1 Page 53, line 1064. O'er others' griefs that some sincerely grieve. It is said by Rochefoucault, that there is always something in the misfor tunes of men's best friends not displeasing te them. Page 55, line 1. I stood in Venice on the Bridge of Sighs. The communication between the ducal palace and the prisons of Venice is by a gloomy bridge, or covered gallery, high above the water. Line 10. She looks a sea Cybele. [Byron notes that the metaphor is drawn from Sabellicus. Cybele (properly accented on the first syllable) was regularly pictured with a tiara of towers.] Line 19. In Venice Tasso's echoes are no more. The well-known song of the gondoliers, of alternate stanzas from Tasso's Jerusalem, has died with the independence of Venice. Editions of the poem, with the original on one column, and the Venetian variations on the other, as sung by the boatmen, were once common, and are still to be found. Page 56, line 57. Are now but so. [Are now but dreams.] Line 86. Sparta hath many a worthier son than he.' The answer of the mother of Brasidas, the Lacedæmonian general, to the strangers who praised the memory of her son. Line 93. The Bucentaur lies rotting unrestored. [The famous galley from which the Doge every year dropped a ring into the sea, with the words: "We wed thee with this ring in token of our true and perpetual sovereignty.' The Bucen taur was finally burned by the French in 1797.] Line 95. St. Mark yet sees his lion. [The winged Lion of St. Mark stands on a column overlooking the Piazzo di San Marco. Here in 1177 the Suabian Emperor Babarossa submitted to Pope Alexander III.] Page 57, line 106. Like lauwine. [German for avalanche.] Line 107. Oh, for one hour of blind old Danaolo. The reader will recollect the exclamation of the highlander, Oh for one hour of Dundee ! Henry Dandolo, when elected Doge, in 1192, was eighty-five years of age. When he commanded the Venetians at the taking of Constantinople, he was consequently ninety-seven years old. At this age he annexed the fourth and a half of the whole empire of Romania, for so the Roman empire was then called, to the title and to the territories of the Venetian Doge. Line 111. But is not Doria's menace come to pass? [After the loss of the battle of Pola, and the taking of Chioggia in 1379, the Venetians sued for peace and received this reply from Peter Doria, the Genoese commander: 'On God's faith, gentlemen of Venice, ye shall have no peace from the Signor of Padua, nor from our commune of Genoa, until we have first put a rein upon those unbridled horses of yours, that are upon the porch of your evangelist St. Mark. When we have bridled them, we shall keep you quiet.'] Line 120. The Planter of the Lion. That is, the Lion of St. Mark, the standard of the republic, which is the origin of the word Pantaloon Piantaleone, Pantaleon, Pantaloon. This etymology is of course purely fantastic.] Line 138. Redemption rose up in the Attic Muse. The story is told in Plutarch's Life of Nicias. [Some of the prisoners, it is stated, won the good will of their masters by reciting Eu ripides to them.] Page 58, line 158. And Otway, Radcliffe, Schiller, Shakspeare's art. [Byron names in a note] Venice Preserved; Mysteries of Udolpho; The Ghost Seer, or Armenian; The Merchant of Venice; Othello. Line 172. Will the tannen grow. [German for firs.] Page 59, line 243. An island of the blest! The above description may seem fantastical or exaggerated to those who have never seen an Oriental or Italian sky, yet is but a literal and hardly sufficient delineation of an August evening (the eighteenth), as contemplated in one of many rides along the banks of the Brenta, near La Mira. Line 262. There is a tomb in Arqua. [Petrarch spent the last years of his life in the village of Arqua, and was buried there.] Page 60, line 298. Or, it may be, with demons. The struggle is to the full as likely to be with demons as with our better thoughts. Satan chose the wilderness for the temptation of our Saviour. And our unsullied John Locke preferred the presence of a child to complete solitude. Line 307. Ferrara. [The seat of the house of Este. It is a common tradition that Tasso was imprisoned as a madman by Alfonso II. because of the poet's unfortunate love for the duke's sister. Tasso's works were severely criticised by the Florentine Accademia della Crusca, and by Boileau. Byron quotes, in a note, and comments on a couplet of Boileau's: A Malherbe, à Racan, préfère Théophile, Et le clinquant du Tasse à tout l'or de Virgile.] Page 61, line 354. The Bards of Hell and Chivalry. [Dante and Ariosto. The last line of the stanza is from the opening line of the Orlando.] Line 361. The lightning rent from Ariosto's bust. Before the remains of Ariosto were removed from the Benedictine church to the library of Ferrara, his bust, which surmounted the tomb, was struck by lightning, and a crown of iron laurels melted away. [The laurel was deemed safe from lightning by the ancients.] Line 387. Victor or vanquish'd, thou the slave of friend or foe. The two stanzas xlii, and xliii. are, with the exception of a line or two, a translation of the famous sonnet of Filicaja :Italia, Italia, O tu cui feo la sorte! Line 388. Wandering in youth, I traced the path of him. The celebrated letter of Servis Sulpicius to Cicero on the death of his daughter describes as it then was, and now is, a path which I often traced in Greece, both by sea and land, in different journeys and voyages. 'On my return from Asia, as I was sailing from Ægina towards Megara, I began to contemplate the prospect of the countries around me: Egina was behind, Megara before me; Piræus on the right, Corinth on the left; all which towns, once famous and flourishing, now lie overturned and buried in their ruins. Upon this sight, I could not but think presently within myself, Alas! how do we poor mortals fret and vex ourselves if any of our friends happen to die or to be killed, whose life is yet so short, when the carcasses of so many noble cities lie here exposed before me in one view.' See Middleton's Cicero, ii. 371. Page 62, line 413. The skeleton of her Titanic form. It is Poggio who, looking from the Capitoline hill upon ruined Rome, breaks forth into the exclamation, Ut nunc omni decore nudata, prostrata jacet, instar gigantei cadaveris corrupti atque undique exesi.' Line 433. There, too, the Goddess loves in stone. [The Venus de' Medici.] Line 454. Thy own vanquish'd Lord of War. [The scene is an imitation of Lucretius, i. 33 ss.] Page 63, line 505. Dante sleeps afar. [Dante was buried in Ravenna.] The elder Scipio Africanus had a tomb if he was not buried at Liternum, whither he had retired to voluntary banishment. Lines 510, 511. The crown Which Petrarch's laureat brow supremely wore. [He was crowned with the laurel-wreath at Rome in 1341. His grave was rifled in 1630.] Lines 514, 515. Boccaccio to his parent earth bequeath'd His dust. Boccaccio was buried in the church of St. Michael and St. James, at Certaldo, a small town in the Valdelsa, which was by some supposed the place of his birth. There he passed the latter part of his life in a course of laborious study, which shortened his existence, and there might his ashes have been secure, if not of honour, at least of repose. But the hyæna bigots' of Certaldo tore up the tombstone of Boccaccio, and ejected it from the holy precincts of St. Michael and St. James. Page 64, line 525. Cæsar's pageant, shorn of Brutus' bust. [The busts of Brutus and Cassius were not carried in the funeral procession of Junia, who was the sister of the former and wife of the latter. They were conspicuous by their absence.' - TACITUS, Ann. iii. 76.] Line 551. Thrasimene's lake. [Lake Trasimenus. Here in 217 B. C. the Romans were overwhelmed by Hannibal. The incident of the earthquake is recorded by Livy.] Page 65, line 586. But thou, Clitumnus. [A river of Umbria springing from a rock, where stands a temple to the god Clitumnus.] Line 590. The milk-white steer. [Compare Virgil, Geor. ii. 146: Hinc albi, Clitumne, greges.] Page 66, line 653. The thundering louwine. In the greater part of Switzerland, the avalanches are known by the name of lauwine. Line 665. The lone Soracte's height. [A mountain visible from the city of Rome. Horace (Od. i. 9) speaks of it as standing white with deep snow.] Line 707. The Scipios' tomb contains no ashes пого. [The tomb of the Scipios was discovered and rifled in 1780.] Page 67, line 731. The trebly hundred triumphs! Orosius gives 320 for the number of triumphs. He is followed by Panvinius; and Panvinius by Mr. Gibbon and the modern writers. Line 740. Triumphant Sylla! [In 86 B. C. Cinna and Marius, his enemies, were appointed Consuls, but Sulla brought his eastern campaign to a close before returning to Rome. In 79 B. C. he resigned the dictatorship.] Line 764. His day of double victory and death. On the third of September, Cromwell gained the victory of Dunbar; a year afterwards he obtained his crowning mercy' of Worcester; and a few years after, on the same day, which he had ever esteemed the most fortunate for him, died. Page 68, line 784. The thunder-stricken nurse of Rome! [The bronze statue of the wolf which nursed Romulus and Remus was according to Cicero struck by lightning. The present statue is of doubtful origin.] Line 809. Alcides with the distaff. [Hercules, who spun wool for Omphale while serving her as a slave.] Page 69, line 883. There is a stern round tower of other days. Alluding to the tomb of Cecilia Metella, called Capo di Bove, in the Appian Way. (The tomb was built in honor of the daughter of Metellus Creticus (not Cecilia Metella), and daughter-in-law of Crassus, the richest of the Romans. In the Middle Ages the tomb was used as a fortress.] Page 71, line 990. To crush the imperial urn. The column of Trajan is surmounted by St. Peter; that of Aurelius by St. Paul. Page 72, line 1036. The mosses of thy fountain still are sprinkled. [The grotto where tradition locates the secret meetings of Numa and Egeria, is on the Appian Way not far from Rome. The ruined shrine is in reality of rather a late period.] Page 74, line 1181. Left the unbalanced scale. [Grammar requires left'st.] Page 75, line 1224. Deal round to happy fools its speechless obloquy. [Between stanzas cxxxv. and cxxxvi. we find in the original MS. the following: If to forgive be heaping coals of fire- Who sucks the slumberer's blood? - The Eagle? -No: the Bat.] Page 76, line 1252. I see before me the Gladiator lie. The well-known statue, now taken to be a dying Gaul.] Line 1293. Like laurels on the bald first Caesar's head. Suetonius informs us that Julius Cæsar was particularly gratified by that decree of the senate which enabled him to wear a wreath of laurel on all occasions. He was anxious, not to show that he was the conqueror of the world, but to hide that he was bald. A stranger at Rome would hardly have guessed at the motive, nor should we without the help of the historian. |