With this despatch of March 6, 1862, Morris transmitted a copy of the import tariff in English (D.S., 17 Despatches, Turkey, No. 12; postscript omitted):

I have the honor to transmit the Official Copy of the Tariff of Duties on American articles of Importation into Turkey, as prepared by the Commission appointed for that purpose, in conjunction with the Custom House authoritiesagreeably to the provisions of the new Treaty.

The prices or current value of the articles are fixed at the rate of the Turkish gold pound or Majidieh, at 100 piastres. A deduction is then made of 10 pr cent for supposed expenses of discharging, magasinage &c being the supposed real value or price in the market; and on this the Duty of 8 pr cent is calculated in piastres, and the decimal value of the piastres, each piastre divided into 100 parts.

The Cotton goods are at the same rate as in the English Tariff,' and Rosin and Turpentine the same as in the Austrian.

The Duties are payable in specie in all parts of the Empire.

This Tariff was formed after all the other Tariffs, so that an opportunity was had of passing them in review, and of adjusting that of the United States with greater care, and with more particular regard to American interests. The duties will be found not only to be eminently just, but specially encouraging to American interests.

In this connection I beg to express my obligations to Mr Aristakes Azarian, a naturalised citizen of the United States, resident here & largely engaged in American trade, for the zeal & fidelity with which he discharged his duties as Commissioner. His thorough knowledge of the commercial relations of Turkey & the United States, enabled him to render great service in the proper adjustment of this Tariff, & it is to him almost exclusively that we owe its successful construction. Mr Brown acted as Secretary of the Commission & discharged that duty with his usual fidelity & ability.

The enclosure to that despatch, which is now with it, is a single sheet folded to form four pages of 11%1⁄2 by 16 inches each. The import tariff, which fills the four pages, is dated February 28, 1862, and bears the original signatures of Azarian, Brown, and Morris, the last preceded by the word Approved. That version of the tariff is printed, with numerous errors, in Haswell, 809-11, and in Malloy, II, 1329-31 (the "Preamble" on pages 808 and 1328 of the respective works is no part of the paper).

Another English version of the import tariff, with the Turkish thereof on facing pages, is in a pamphlet entitled "Tariff Concluded between the United States of America, and the Ottoman Empire. Preceded by the Treaty of Commerce" (pp. 15-20), printed at Constantinople in 1862. Morris, who had had about 150 copies of this publication run off for the use of the Legation, sent a copy to the Department of State in the mail with his despatch of February 5, 1863 (D.S., 17 Despatches, Turkey, No. 48). The tariff as printed therein differs in various respects from the manuscript version described above, most conspicuously in its omission of the four columns of figures headed "Current price of Articles", "Value of Turkish Pound", "Turkish Pound of P100", and "Deduction of 10 per cent". Other differences make the printed tariff on the whole more specific and more accurate as regards the descriptions of the articles of merchandise; its figures, 1 This tariff, which was signed December 7, 1861, is printed in Hertslet, Treaties and Tariffs, II, 54–72.

however, are identical with those of the last two columns of the manuscript version. These errors, or what appear to be errors, in the printed tariff, have been noticed: (1) the quantity for coffee, which is "per kintal" in both the English and the Turkish, is "per 100 okes" in the manuscript tariff and also in the British, French, and Spanish tariffs (cited below); (2) the article "Carpets, fine Brussels velvet carpets excepted", which apparently lacks a comma after Brussels, reads in the manuscript tariff "Carpets, fine brussels" and in the British tariff "Carpetings, 27 in., fine Brussels carpets. Patent velvet excluded"; (3) the figure 229.70 for "Sugar, crushed and brown", which is the same in the Turkish version and in the manuscript tariff, should read 219.70, as in the British tariff. A literal reprint of the English version of the printed tariff follows:

It will be observed that the list of eighty-three articles in the import schedule-thirty-four of which are not valued-is not comprehensive, though doubtless including all chief commodities coming from the United States or in American vessels (compare the much longer lists for Great Britain and France in Hertslet, Treaties and Tariffs, II, 55-59, and De Clercq, Recueil des traités de la France, VIII, 351-60, respectively, and the shorter and very different list for Spain in 54 British and Foreign State Papers, 1007-8).

The American tariff provides no definitions of the Turkish terms of weight and measure employed therein. The British tariff gives the equivalent of the oka (oke) as "2.84 lbs. English", and a note to the Spanish tariff states of the quintal (kintal) that the "most usual contains 40 ocas". After the items codfish and dye woods the printed English version of the American tariff substitutes quintal for the term kantar (cantar) of the manuscript version; and the printed Turkish version has one expression for both terms. According to Webster's Dictionary, the oka equals 2.83 pounds as a measure of weight or 135 United States liquid quarts (other authorities give various lesser figures) as a measure of capacity; the kantar and the quintal both equal 44 okas (weight) or 124.45 pounds; and the arshin (archin) equals "legally one meter, but in common use between 26 and

30 inches". The stated value of the piaster at the time was about 4 cents or about 2 pence.

A translation of the export tariff, with the explanatory clauses in part preceding and in part following the schedule, was an enclosure to and is now with the despatch of Morris of July 16, 1862 (D.S., 17 Despatches, Turkey, No. 25), but is mentioned in that despatch only in a brief postscript. That paper, of thirty-five foolscap pages, is wholly in English (the Turkish is not available). The export schedule thereof, which is a copy of the schedule for Great Britain (printed, with a number of errors, in Hertslet, op. cit., II, 60-70), lists about five hundred items and seems to have been meant to include all or nearly all articles then exported from Turkey (compare the list of

460 items for Spain in 54 British and Foreign State Papers, 1008-20; all but a score or so of those items can, with aid of some guesswork, be identified as being in the schedule sent by Morris; the list for France, which is the same as that for Spain, is in De Clercq, op. cit., VIII, 361-72). Even in 1862 the export tariff was of comparatively minor importance (it is not included in the cited 1862 pamphlet printed at Constantinople), partly because the initial rate of 8 percent diminished year by year to 7, 6, and so on to 1 percent. The translation of the export schedule as transmitted by Morris is printed in Haswell, 812-20, and in Malloy, II, 1332-39. It is deemed unnecessary to reprint it in this edition, one of sufficient reasons being that it was quite carelessly drawn up and contains numerous manifest

errors.

A translation of the explanatory clauses of the tariff agreement forms, as has been said, part of the paper with Morris' cited despatch of July 16, 1862; that enclosure is dated 29 Shaban, A.H. 1278 (stated to be February 28, but corresponding, by the tables, to March 1, 1862); authentication of the translation by Brown and approval by Morris are signed, other signatures being indicated; that translation of the explanatory clauses has been printed (Haswell, 808, 820–21; Malloy, II, 1328, 1340-41). This later and presumably better translation is from the 1862 pamphlet heretofore cited, pages 1-3 (cf. Hertslet, op. cit., II, 54, 70-72; 54 British and Foreign State Papers, 1007, 1020-23; De Clercq, op. cit., VIII, 351, 372–74):

It having been mutually the desire of both parties that, according to the stipulations of the new Treaty of Commerce recently concluded, the rate of tariff duties be established anew on all articles the produce of the soil and industry of the United States of America (except those which are prohibited) imported by American merchants and citizens into the Ottoman dominions as also the duties to be paid on all articles the produce of the soil and industry of the Ottoman dominions purchased for the purpose of being exported by them to their own country or to another by said American merchants and citizens or by their agents for their account in every part of said dominions, Commissioners appointed by the Sublime Porte having therefore repeatedly assembled with those appointed by the American Legation, they have drawn up the present tariff of duties on the articles of importations and exportations of the two countries, as follows. 1. Articles the produce of the Ottoman dominions.

2. Articles the produce of the capital.

3. Articles the produce of the United States of America.

By the preceding tariff, according to the stipulations of the said new Treaty of Commerce, the duties to be paid by American merchants (with the exception of such as are prohibited) on all articles imported into the Ottoman dominions, as well as on all those exported by them from said dominions, are fixed at the rate of 8 percent. These duties are, according to the said new Treaty of Commerce, based upon the value of the articles at the wharf. On the prices of the articles purchased or sold by said merchants in large quantities, fixed in the gold medjidie of 100 piasters at par, a reduction is made of 10 percent in the view of bringing them down to the value at the wharves, after which the duties are fixed on their real value and collected accordingly. The duty of 8 percent on exports is only for the first year. From the commencement of the second year, one eighth of this amount will be reduced, and only 7 percent be claimed; for the third year, one seventh will in like manner be reduced, and only 6 percent be claimed; so that in this manner the said duty of 8 percent will in the eighth year be reduced to 1 percent. In the eighth year, as well as in the following years, only 1-percent