Fundamental Problems in Phonetics

Abkhaz acoustic phase Adyghe affricate air-flow air-stream alveolar ridge anthropophonic apico apico-postalveolar approximant articulation articulatory channel articulatory stricture aspirated Cardinal Vowels cartilage Caucasian languages cavity Chapter close cm H2O cm/s cm³ cm³/s co-articulation consonants contiguous creak diphthong duration egressive English example Figure flap formants frequency fricative glottal closure glottal stop glottalic pressure glottalic suction glottis heterorganic hiss homorganic initiator power initiator-power initiator-velocity initiatory involve labial labio-dental Ladefoged lamino larynx lateral linguistic lungs mm² mouth movement muscles narrow nasal normal occur oral organic parameter pharynx phase of speech phonatory phonetic phoneticians phonological position postalveolar prepalatal produced pulmonic egressive pulmonic initiator pulmonic pressure recording release resonant Reynolds Number segments semivowel sequence soft palate sounds stop consonant stricture-type subglottal pressure syllable tense tion tongue trill turbulent flow upper teeth velaric suction velocity ventricular vibration vocal folds vocal tract voiceless volume volume-velocity whisper whispery voice