First cost of a barrel of flour, Freight and charges, Deduct 10 per cent. for exchange as before, British market price, $8 33 Suppose wheat at 65s, per quarter, equal to $9 3 cents per bbl. of flour, the duty would be only $1 40 cents, which, were this price to continue, would certainly allow a profit to our exporters. But this is not to be expected. Heavy importations of Baltic and Mediterranean wheat would speedily reduce it to 60, 59, 58 or 57s., in which case the duty would be prohibitory. And to crown the whole, the average, which is in future to be taken weekly, will be constantly fluctuating, and render speculation, even in the grain countries of Europe, extremely hazardous-and in the United States ruin TRANSPLANTING TREES. Give this a place in your Farmer. "As soon as trees are taken up, dip their roots in a puddle of cow dung and loam, which preserves their fibres from the influence of the air." When this practice is adopted in the winter sea son, the plants may be sent to any distance, or kept out of the ground for weeks, without the slightest injury. FIGS. E. W. What is the process for drying them? MR. SKINNER, The fig succeeds very well in our neighbourhood, and we are all ignorant of the method of drying them. You will oblige us, by obtaining through the medium of your paper, the method of drying Suppose the price of a quarter of wheat 60s. and plete independence of foreign countries in every Aour here $6. department, and particularly in all articles neces- SIR, $6 00 sary to the success of our prosperous and wide2 77 spreading manufactories, I have thought it well to 1 33 remark, that I have for more than twenty years cul tivated it at my garden, as an appendage to the col$10 10 lection; and have sometimes had above 4000 plants 60 at once. I have found it to thrive on every soil but a barren sand, and particularly on a sandy loam. $9 50 There is, perhaps, no plant, however, which is more generally calculated to succeed on almost any soil. You may transplant trees in the heat of summer, Its roots, which form the dye, are produced in great by this precaution, and with perfect success. abundance, and a single plant may be subdivided Sincerely yours, into a great many parts each succeeding year, J. S. SKInner, Esq. often twenty for one-and all these will be sure to vegetate and grow rapidly. At present I have a very moderate quantity of this plant; perhaps not above 500 or 1000 roots, for the almost total suspension of our manufactories, immediately after the late war, put also a stop to the culture of this plant, which their continuance could alone render necessary. While on the subject of articles indispensable to our manufactures, I will also mention the recent introduction of the Sicilian Tanner's Sumach, or Rhus coriaria. This tree, or rather shrub, producing an article so indispensable in our tanneries, and so superior in quality to our native sumach, that it commands thrice the price of the latter, must soon become an object of extensive cultivation. Strange, sir, as it may appear. I ap-ly, stating that Mr. Magaw, of Meadville, had conWe copied an article from a northern paper lateWhen the average is below 65s. the duty on Bri-plied in vain for this tree to several of the most ex-structed a machine for packing hay, by which he tish colonial wheat is to be only 5s.-and when it is tensive nurseries, both in England and France; could compress it into a shape which fitted it for 65s. the duty is to be only 6d. This affords the Bri from three of which I received other species errotish colonies an overwhelming advantage over the neously sent in its place. But, determined not transportation to a distant market. We since find United States and other foreign countries. The to allow such discouragements to prevent its intro- that this plan has been put in operation, and been found practicable and advantageous. Mr. Magaw system, it cannot be denied, is a wise one, and re- duction to our country, I have, through friends flects great credit on the statesmen who devised it, transacting business with Sicily, thrice obtained it brought 22 tons of packed hay to our market, last as it carefully guards British and colonial interests direct from that island, which exports it throughout week, in two flat boats, which contained besides a against foreign competition, and is a complete illus the world. Even in this, sir, I was doomed to dis- quantity of other produce. The hay was put up in tration of the adherence to the sound system of pro-appointment, for twice the importations failed to packages about the size of a cotton bale, each containing from 350 to 400 lbs. The machine, howtection. But it must likewise be admitted, that it survive the voyage; the third time, however, I was ever, is sufficiently powerful to compress a much holds out a strong lesson to the statesmen of other most successful, and my garden now contains a number of most flourishing specimens of this high-after the above bales were prepared others of the greater weight into the package; we are told that nations "to do likewise." ly useful and oft sought tree. ous. From the prices that grain bears on the shores of the Baltic, as stated by Mr. Jacobs, there is strong reason to believe, that the average price of wheat in the British markets, except in cases of great scarcity, will never in future rise to 60s. GUINEA GRASS. Yours, most respectfully, WM. PRINCE. ON GRAFTING. MR. J. S. SKINNER, MR. J. S. SKINNER, Richmond, 24th April, 1827. 2nd. Whether the produce has been found equal to the accounts given of it? 3rd. If our cattle eat it as freely as other grass or hay? 4th. Is it an annual or perennial? DEAR SIR, A FRIEND TO AGRICULTURE. HORTICULTURE. MADDER-SUMACH. them as the Turks do. read somewhere in the Farmer. In a former com Hay-presses are in use to the eastward-Is there no subscriber to the American Farmer in that country, who would take the trouble to furnish the information asked for above? PRESERVATION OF BEES. A late Morristown paper contains directions for preserving bees from the fatal ravages of the worm or butterfly, which has proved so destructive to this useful insect. Having mislaid the paper, we can only state its substance from recollection. It consists simply in raising the hive about one inch from the floor about the beginning of May, and strewing fine salt under its edge. The worms will leave the hive, if there are any in, and the salt prevents any from entering. The writer says he has tried the ex Linnæan Botanic Garden, near New-York, April 24, 1827. I perceive by a recent number of the American Farmer, that a distinguished horticulturist of your Lockport, N. Y., April 16, 1827. vicinity, proposes the introduction of the Dyer's Sir, It would do me no small favour, and perMadder (Rubia Tinctorium) as an article worthy ex- haps some others, if some one of your correspondents tensive cultivation in the state of Maryland, for the would name the kinds of grapes, which, from their purpose of supplying our manufactories with this being sufficiently hardy to endure the frosts of win indispensable article, which has now to be obtained ter without protection, and from the fruitfulness of from Holland and other parts of Europe; and desi- the vine, together with the quality of the juice, rous, as I am, that our republic should attain a com- could be recommended for making wine. D. C.periment two years, with complete success. INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT. BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAIL-ROAD. ing, drew up the empty ones. Their present de- but they, in common with the rest of society, must gree of perfection has thus been gradually attained, of course submit to any superior method of improvand four or five years' experience has fully proved ing the conveyance or transport of merchandise, their simplicity, cheapness, and regularity."-Idem, just as the common coasting traders will to the p. 32. established steam vessels. With respect to those "The cost of a double rail-way from Cromford canals which do not answer, and those that never to the Peak Forest Canal, in which there is a tun-can, the sooner they are abolished in toto, the bet[In the closing paragraphs of the extracts last nel, four inclined planes, and including engines, ter."-Gray, p. 66. given from the Report of the Committee appointed 149,000l. The distance, eleven miles. A canal to far less than that of canals, but the former exhibit "The expense of forming rail-ways is not only at a general meeting of the citizens, it will be remembered that the committee stated that their in-form the same connection, as estimated by Rennie. the peculiar advantage of a better conveyance than would cost 650,000l. The construction of a double roads and canals conjointly afford at present."railway from Whaley Bridge, (a distance of thirty Gray, p. 67. miles,) including bridges, tunnels, culverts, towpath, land purchased, warehouses to be erected, and all other expenses, was estimated to cost 43104. per mile." Idem, p. 33. formation on the general subject was not very ex tensive; but they expressed, unequivocally, the belief that a double rail-way was better adapted to our situation and circumstances, than a canal across the mountains. They recommended, accordingly that a charter be sought from the legislature, to incorporate a company to execute the work-and then submitted certain views and authorities, of which the following are the most prominent.] "Where an intermediate space between any two places, at a considerable distance apart, admits of being made so nearly horizontal as not to deviate more than 27 feet 6 inches a mile, locomotive engines may be employed [upon rail-ways,] to great advantage. Upon the Hetton road at Sunderland, 74 miles in length, these engines draw 24 chalder wagons in a train, at the rate of four miles an hour. The weight, including the wagons, being equal to 90 tons."-Strickland's Report, p. 27. warehouses, cost of lands, &c. &c. is estimated at "The mode of conveyance that most nearly assimilates to rail-ways, is canals; but to them, the agency of steam cannot be available, as they are limited to the size of their loads, and as regards "Upon a rail-road near Newcastle, a locomotive utility, to the speed of conveyance; for to draw a engine in fifty-four weeks, conveyed 53,823 car load of forty or fifty tons with double the speed riages of coals, each weighing 9438 lbs., 2541 yards, that is now done by one horse, could not be effectand returned with the same number of empty cared on a common canal by any power that can be riages, each weighing 3472 lbs. This was in 54 applied."-Jessop, in Gray, p. 103. successive weeks; and in that time, exclusive of "A rail-way can, according to circumstances, be Sundays, the engine, from want of goods to convey, made at from a half to a fourth of the expense of was at least twenty days off work; so that in 304 a canal, and convey goods more cheaply, which days, the performance was 446,815 tons conveyed would render them lucrative when any other mode one mile, or 1470 tons, one mile each day; on a would be ruinous.”—Idem, in Gray, p. 104. stage only 2541 yards. This engine had three feet "On the proposed rail-way, where the ascent from wheels, which were calculated for a rate of about Cromford by four inclined planes is nearly 1000 4 miles per hour; with larger wheels, and when feet, and the descent to the Peak Forest canal bethe distance to be traversed is greater, the differ- tween 7 and 800 feet, by three others, the average ence of effective speed between the horses and lo- cost of working each place will be about a halfpencomotive engines, will be correspondingly increas-ny per ton. When these very moderate expenses ed."-Wood, on Rail ways, p. 281. of carriage are considered, it furnishes an additional argument in favour of the opinion I expressed in my former report, that a rail-way forming so important a connection between rich and populous districts, and with canals which yield an abundant revenue, cannot be a speculation of hazard; but must be a secure and a lucrative mode of investing capital."—Idem, in Gray, pp. 107–8. "A high pressure locomotive engine, working with two 8 inch cylinders, and weighing five tons, has drawn on a level 27 wagons, weighing 94 tons, at the rate of four miles an hour; and when lightly In addition to the foregoing evidence of the suladen, it will travel ten miles an hour. The cost of perior advantages of rail-ways over canals, furnishone of these engines is 400l. stg.”—Idem, p. 29. ed by Strickland and Wood, the committee submit "The introduction of the locomotive engine, has the following extracts from a very valuable treatise, greatly changed the relative value of rail-ways and entitled "Observations on a General Iron Rail-way canals; and where a communication is to be made or Land Steam Conveyance," by Thomas Gray; between places of a commercial or manufacturing and in proof of the high value in which this work character, which maintain a constant intercourse, is held in England, the committee need only reand where rapidity of transit becomes important, it mark, that in a very short time it has passed through cannot be doubted that rail-ways will receive a pre-five editions, from the last of which these extracts ference in consequence of this very powerful auxilia- are made. ry."-Idem, p. 31. the construction and repair of canal boats, with "The experience already had of our canal con"A rail-way is equally suited to a mountainous veyance, cannot fail to convince every reader, after or level country, and either horses or locomotive due observation, that the heavy expense attending engines may be used upon it, (though not with advantage at the same time, from their difference of velocity,) the wagons being drawn along by the locomotive engine, which derives its motion from the contact and friction of the wheels against the rails, the wheels being attached directly to the steam engine. Where a rail-way is level, the power required to move the wagons is little more than the friction, which is found to amount to about a 200th part of the weight to be conveyed; or in other words, a power of one pound applied in the direction of the motion, will draw forward 200 lbs." "A locomotive engine of ten horse power, will draw 120 tons, at the rate a draught horse travels; or 50 tons at the rate of six miles an hour. The engine requires the attendance of only a man and a boy, at a daily expense of five shillings. The coals consumed in ten hours would be from 20 to 30 cwt.; therefore the expense altogether would be less than 30 shillings per day-for which 50 tons may be conveyed 60 miles in ten hours, which is less than half a farthing a ton per mile." "It is to be remarked that the rate of travelling may be increased to surpass that of mail coaches; and that the locomotive engine will as readily convey 25 tons (including its own weight,) at the rate of twelve miles an hour, as double the weight in twice the time." "Where ascents and descents were unavoidable, they were obviated by the introduction of inclined planes, up which the loaded wagons were drawn by stationary engines, or the loaded wagons descend "Rail-ways have latterly been extensively constructed from the collieries in the neighbourhood of Newcastle, and experience has confirmed the advantages above stated, and the simplicity attending them: they obviate many objections to canals, arising from the localities of the country. When great elevations have to be passed over, the lockage on canals is excessive, and the consequent supply of water expensive, and perhaps only to be obtained by interfering with the vested rights of mill owners." "Rail-ways may be constructed at one-fifth part of the expense of canals; and as it has been shewn that they will convey as cheaply, where the prospect of remuneration to the adventurer in one case is doubtful, the lesser expense makes the other cer"The enormous expenses so peculiar to shipping, tain; and as few persons have the public spirit to and the further detentions by canals, (such as the embark in unprofitable speculations, the lesser cost total stoppage to commerce when they are under- of a rail-way may secure to a district the advantage going repair, and in time of floods, or frosts, or of cheap conveyance of the first necessaries of life, droughts,) greatly retard the intercourse of the as well as give value to its mines and produce, and country, and consequently enhance the transport of to the public that of free communication with dismerchandise: on all these points I refer my readers tant places, whilst benefit to the adventurers is not to the merchants and traders, who cannot forbear lost sight of Canals take the richest land, and are their testimony in support of this statement. Rail- circuitous by following the valleys, and the carways are free from all these objections, and the great speed with which journeys might be made, would enable coach and wagon proprietors to reduce the present rate of carriage one half."-Gray, p. 41. "All counties, which from their distance and expense of carriage, are totally denied the use of coals, might, by means of the plan now under con sideration, be regularly supplied with this necessary article of fuel, on terms nearly equal with those situated in the more immediate neighbourhood of coal pits."--Gray, p. 46. riage from them is ascending Rail-ways may pass along the tops and sides of bills from whence the carriage of coals and heavy goods will be conveyed into the neighbourhood without the obstacles of hills, and their elevation admits of branches from them at little expense, wherever mines or a populous village make it desirable."--Gray, p. 180-181. "Rail roads, as hitherto worked by horses, possess very little, if any advantage, over canals; but rail-roads, worked by the locomotive steam engine, have so decided a superiority, both as regards time and expense, that there can be no question, but "The proprietors of the few canals which do they will be generally adopted, wherever a new answer, will have the greatest reason to complain; line of conveyance has become necessary, either from an increased trade, or from the exorbitant de-ing up our children as little dependent as possible LADIES' DEPARTMENT. FEARFULNESS AND FORTITUDE. upon bodily indulgence and luxuries; accustoming SPORTING OLIO. THE FISHING SEASON. J. S. SKINNER, ESQ. April 30, 1827. Sir-I am pleased to see that you are willing to lend a few columns to the encouragement of a taste for rural sports, such as are enjoyed in the open air When the rail-way is once completed, the re- We should endeavour to furnish children with a and in the face of day. It cannot be expected that pairs would not be so heavy as on the common turn shield against the lesser pains, the daily portion of because we, in the country, make our living by the pike roads, owing to the very good and very sub-rexation and disappointment, from which even the sweat of our brow, that therefore we should be alstantial foundation which must be laid to begin happiest childhood is not exempt, and thus to pre-ways sweating and toiling-even the plough horse with."-Gray, p. 4. pare them for the more serious trials of advanced when turned loose from his day's labour, if not alto(To be continued.) life. We must beware of giving heed to the lan-gether broken hearted, will some times start away guage of murmuring or discontent, "cheering but and snort and kick up his heels; the frog, the lamb, not bemoaning them" under their little misfortunes, the dog, in short every animal has its sportive and especially discouraging the habit of crying and moods, its gambols, and social amusements, clearly fretting on every slight accident, and passing pain; indicating that nature has designed for all its creafor such a habit induces effeminacy of character, tures some relaxation and fun;-who can believe that Providence has designed that man alone should be forever labouring for the present, or trembling with anxiety about the future? Of all the rural sports, few are more captivating to those who pursue them, than FISHING, Doctor Johnson's surly definition of it, to the contrary notwithstanding. This innocent diversion has already commenced, and you would do well to invite Mr. F. J. C. and others of your piscatorial friends, to give you accounts of their excursions in pursuit of the finny tribe. In the mean time I send you an old song in praise of Angling, which you may if you please insert in the Fariner. ME no pleasure shall enamour, Swimming in the drunkard's bowl; Joy that ends in strife and clamour, And in sorrow drowns the soul. Sports of mighty Nimrod's chusing, (From Hints for the Improvement of Early Education and the self-government required to suppress com- plaints and tears, is strengthening to the mind, and In endeavouring to guard those under our care from fearfulness, we are not to forget the imporWhen children are sick, or in pain, whilst doing tance of inspiring them with prudence. our utmost to relieve, to solace and to divert them, Fearfulness does but embitter life with the use-it is yet necessary for their sakes, hard as it may less dread of evils, which cannot, or may not hap-be to ourselves, to mingle resolution with our tenpen-prudence promotes our safety by teaching us derness--for if, by an excess of indulgence, by too to use all reasonable precautions against positive great a display of sympathy, we weaken the mind evils. Whilst, therefore, we do our utmost to seor spoil the temper; in that proportion we add to cure our children from useless fears, we should their sufferings; and I believe it will generally be strongly but coolly warn them against real dangers, found, as I was convinced myself by the painful exas those from fire, water, &c. Although prudence combined with the tenderest attentions, is as necessaperience of many months, that some discipline, and fearfulness are sometimes confounded, it is remarkable how often they act in direct opposition to ry for the comfort of children in sickness as in each other, the coward being hurried by his ground-health. It is also of importance early to encourage them to submit with resolution to the necessary inless or imaginary terrors into actual dangers. fliction of painful remedies, and to think lightly of them, as tooth drawing, taking medicine, and using other means which often form a considerable part of the trial of sickness. "Fortitude is not only essential as a Christian virtue in itself, but as a guard to every other virtue." LoCKE. Although by securing our children from useless fears and alarming impressions, we gain the first step toward the cultivation of courage and fortitude; yet this alone is not sufficient. If we would ensure the attainment of these excellent endowments, it will be necessary to infuse into our system of education a certain portion of resolution and hardihood. We must bear in mind that we have to train up those entrusted to us, not for a life of rewards, ease and pleasure, but for a world, in which they will meet with pain, sickness, danger and sorrow. That we are bringing them up, not only to be useful in the various engagements of this life; but chiefly to carry on that great work, the salvation of their souls, in which fortitude and self-denial are essential. In bringing up children at home, care is required that they should not imbibe a sense of self-importance, and personal superiority. In domestic families, secluded from general society, this is by no means an unfrequent evil. The little ones being in fact the primary object to their parents, imperceptibly catch the feeling, and are discomposed when put out of their own way, or thrown into the background; whereas an important branch of the hardihood of mind, so much to be desired in children, is that self-subjection which induces a readiness "to take the lowest place," and to yield their own inclinations for the accommodation of their superiors. The hourly exercise of self-denial, and the necessity of considering the interests of others, which arise from living in a community, greatly promote this invaluable temper; and if all education require "sound wisdom and discretion," a double portion is needed with a single child. (To be concluded in our next.) Although we cannot be too careful to promote the happiness of children, an object surely too often neglected in education, yet do we not defeat our purpose in proportion as we unfit them for the life upon which they are entering by too tender and enervating a system? By so doing, we increase their sensibility to pain, whilst we add nothing to their sources of true enjoyment. It is the path of wisdom to steer between opposite evils, avoiding To one quart of milk add two spoonsful of lard on the one hand every appearance of unkindness, or butter, two eggs-made like bread, but not quite or a want of feeling and sympathy-on the other, so stiff, and set them to rise; when risen, make a fostering to excess an over-indulgence, a morbid them up, and place them in an oven as close as you anxiety and sensibility. "We should distinguish please; then glaze them with a rag dipped in the between the wants of nature and caprice," bring-yolk of an egg. TO MAKE ROLLS. All your mischiefs I will shun; Holding out the Angler's reed; To their goal with restless pace; I will dip my silken line; Curse all other sly design. Woolly flocks, on distant hills; All the morning mead perfume, I will fish, and I will chant, till [Extract of a letter from Columbia, Tenn., dated 2d April, 1827.] MONSIEUR TONSON.- In the account you gave us of the Tree hill races, extracted from a Richmond paper, there was a false impression conveyed which deserves to be corrected. From reading that article, any one would conclude that the winning horse Mons. Tonson, although a "stranger and of Packolet blood" was raised in the "favourite race horse region between the Atlantic and the head of tide water." So far from this being the fact, he was begotten and raised in Sumner county, Tennessee, within 25 miles of Nashville, and run his first race in this country. If you deem it worthy of insertion, you may add his pedigree. He was by Packolet; he by Citizen, out of Col. Eppes' grey mare, by Tippoo Saib; the dam of Mons. Tonson was by Top Gallant; he by Gallatin; he by the imported Bedford; grand dam by Grey Medley; he by the imported Medley, &c. E. M. F. NORFOLK RACES. Fillies--mile heats, $250. THE FARMER. too) prefer him from the girth back, even to Roanoke, nothing can surpass him and Janus in their coupling and quarters." With such horses as Rinaldo and Mark Antony, and bulls of Colonel Powel's improved short horrs which they have got; upon such meadows, after a few years there ought not to be a vulgar thick winded horse, nor a coarse bullock in the county of Saleṁ, and we undertake to predict with confidence, that not many years will elapse before their fine saddle and harness horses will be one of the most fruitful sources of revenue to the good people of Salem county. GREEN HOUSE PLANTS.-The catalogue for 1827, of the collection of green-house plants now under cultivation at the Linnæan Botanic Garden, William Prince proprietor, near New York, has just been completed, and may be obtained gratis at the office of the American Farmer. The catalogue contains near 2200 species, with the English and scientific names, and the prices attached a large proportion of which are in possession of no other establishment in this country, and are now for the first time offered to the publick. Orders sent to this office, or forwarded direct to SALEM.-A very short excursion to Salem, New Jersey, during the last week, gave us a view of one of the most beautiful and fertile districts of country that we had ever beheld-The town itself is more than double the size we had supposed. It is situated on Salem creek, 34 miles above its mouth, and is the seat of government for a county of 300 square miles, having, in 1820, upwards of 14,000 inhabitants; and besides several commodious churches it has a respectable academy-It would be vain to predicate a sketch of a country on the transient observations of a day, but he who sees as much, as we did, even in that short time must have little tact for observation, if he does not perceive an extraordinary adaptation of the soil, (a mixture of sand and black loam) to the production of heavy crops of grass and grain; and consequently possessing a capacity to af ford the essential means of subsistence, for what it does in fact support, a dense and independent popula Second Day-The Ladies' Purse-2 mile heats, tion-neither could one fail to observe a remarkable $350. Third Day.-Jockey Club Purse-3 mile heats, equality in the deportment, manners, dress and appa- the proprietor, will receive prompt attention. rent circumstances of the people-Nobody claims $600. Fourth Day.-A Handy-Cap Purse by the Pro-precedence of, and as little does any one seem disposed to yield it to his neighbour. They appear to prietor-one mile-best three in five, free for any be of the genuine unadulterated old English, with horse, mare or gelding, $200. perhaps a mixture of Swedish stock, with sound reTOBACCO.-Inspections at the three State warehouses publican principles and habits, and at the first glance last week, ending with Saturday, 640 hhds. There has a mere stranger would affirm of them-These peo-been no material change since our last; but very little of the fine Maryland brought to market. A few hhds. sold last week at $22, 20 and $10, made in Frederick, which was considerably above the Ohio of the same quality. The quantity of hhds. from Ohio has been about 700, which is equal to one-fifth of the quantity from there last year. Within a few days, 25 or 30 hhds. Second as in quality $3.00 a 8.00-Common crop, 3.00 3.50-Do. red, 4.00 a 4.50-Good red, 5.00 a 6.00Fine red, 7.00 a 8.00-Yellow and red, 7.00 a 10.00Yellow, 10.00 a 15.00-Fine yellow, 16.00 a 20.00—Virginia fat, 6.00 a 8.00-Rappahannock, 3.50 RICHMOND RACES. Great Race over the Tree Hill Course near Rich-ple are not afraid nor ashamed to work; every one BALTIMORE PRICES CURRENT. Reported for the American Farmer, by Lewis Sutton & Co. The most interesting Race ever run in the United States, will probably be run at Tree hill, on the 10th of May next; there are already five subscribers, $500 each, play or pay, to be added to the Jockey Club so much fine meadow land, much of it embanked, from St. Mary's, common and red, sold at $3.50 to 5.50. Purse, of $1,000. The subscribers to this by stake, 4th Day.-Post Stake, single 4 mile heat, $500. The subscriber calculates, from the superior or der of the Course and Field; the number of fine horses that are in training, and the great race that is to be run on the Jockey Club day; that there will be the greatest number of persons ever seen at a race in Virginia. The subscriber will do all in his power to give satisfaction to those who may visit Tree bill. There will be offered for sale, at 10 o'clock, at the house, on the morning of the 2d day's race, some Mares and Colts of the best blood, and the subscriber recommends it to those who wish to buy to attend, and those who wish to dispose of any blooded Horses, Mares or Colts, to bring them to this market, as it is likely there will be persons here from every part of the Union. In a ride of eight or ten miles, we can say that not There is in Salem also a bank in the best credit, a a FLOUR-Susquehanna $5.00-Baltimore, Howard st., 5.00 a 5.25-do. white family, 6.00 a 6.75-WHEAT, White 1.00 a 1.10-red, 1.00-CORN, .47 a .48-RYE,.70 a.71OATS, .41 a .43-FLAXSEED, .90 a 95--BARLEY, 1.00 Veal, .3 a 34. 2d Day.-Proprietor's Purse, 2 mile heats, $300. highly respectable newspaper, a steam mill, and a CLOVER seed, red, (unseasonable) 4.00 a 4.50-TIMOTHY 3d Day.-Jockey Club Purse, 4 mile heats, $1000. first rate steam boat has been recently purchased to seed, 3.00-HERDS GRASS, 3.50 a 450-MILLET, 1.00 ply between there and Philadelphia, and in summer a 1.25-IRISH POTATOES, (for seed,) .374 a .50-CORN to Cape May. By the bye, we must recommend to the MEAL, per cwt. 1.25--WHISKEY, in bbls. .33 a .33— many who go from this state to Cape May, to take do. in hhds. .32-PLASTER, per bbl. 1.124 a 1.25-do. the route by Salem instead of that by Bordentown, per ton, 3.75-BACON, Baltimore hams, 9.00 a 10.00-do. as they will shorten their journey by land and see a hog round, 6.00 a 7.00-do. country, .51-BUTTER, best beautiful country not hitherto celebrated for its ad-fresh, 25-do. in kegs, No. 1 to 3, per cwt. 8.00 a 15.00 vantages, only because no publick road leading-LARD, do 8.50 a 10.00-COTTON, Virginia, selling, 9 50 10.00-Carolina, 10.00 a 11.00-Fisa, Herrings, per bbl. through it on a direct line between large cities has a 10.00 a 11.00-Upland, fair, 10.00 a 10.50-Louisiana, exposed it to the publick view. 2.25 a 2.50-Mackerel, No. 1, 6.25-do. No. 2, 5.25 The good people of Salem have lately acquired too,do. No. 3, 4.25-Shad, per barrel, 6.00-do do. trimwhat is of great value in a country so well calculat med, 5.50 a 6.00-FEATHERS, per lb. .28 a.29-LIVE ed for rearing fine horses: to wit, two bred horses, of STOCK-Beef, good, on the hoof, 5.00 a 5.50-Hogs, good the best blood in America-Mark Antony and Ri pork, 4.00 a 4.50-Lamb, .21 a .3-Mutton, ‚31 a .4~naldo-both by Sir Archy, the sire of almost all of the celebrated turf horses in the south, and now coCONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. Vering at the age of 23, at 75 dollars per mare.— Essay on Rotation of Crops, by W. C. Nicholas-A They are both very superior horses. Rinaldo though not so shewy as Mark Antony, was the favourite of Sketch of the Rev. E. Fellenberg's Agricultural Institute at Hoffwyl-On the theory of Manures, by Doctor the Hon. John Randol, h, by whom he was bred-Muse-On Hemp--British Corn Laws-Guinea GrassHe of him in a letter to the Editor of the Ame- Madder and Sumach--On Grafting-Grapes for wine, says rican Farmer. inquiry-on transplanting Trees-On Figs, inquiryOn Packing Hay, inquiry--Preservation of Bees-Historical sketch of the contemplated Rail-road from Baltimore to the Ohio, continued-Fearfulness and Fortitude, continued-Recipe to make Rolls-Poetry, Song on Angling-Monsieur Tonson-Norfolk Races-Richmond Tree Hill Races-Cure for Cough in Horses. Printed every Friday, at Five Dollars per annum, for JOHN S. SKINNER, Editor, by JOHN D. Toy, corner of St. Paul and Market-sts., where every description of Book and Job Printing is handsomely executed. J. M. SELDEN, Proprietor. CURE FOR COUGH IN HORSES. Half pound of nitre, quarter pound of crocus me- "Rinaldo is a much superior horse in my judgment tallorum, (black regulus of antimony,) two ounces to Mark Antony, he is perhaps a thought lower as of antimony; mix well in a mortar and make it up the Waverly man would say I am by no means into doses of one ounce each. Give the horse one sure that such is the fact, but he is a horse of as dose in a cold mash mixed, every night in mild great power and strength, from the shoulders, or weather, for three nights; then omit it for a week.neck rather, back, as I ever saw, equal to Roanoke, If he does not get better of his cough, repeat it. or to his sire (Sir Archy) but finer, because he has Care is necessary that the horse should not be ex-not the faults in Archy's symmetry. Rinaldo is a posed while warm, to stand in a cold wind; other fine bay, better legs and feet no horse ever stood wise exercise him gently, and heat him as usual. upon, and many who have seen him, (good judges | No. 8.-VOL. 9. AGRICULTURE. AMERICAN FARMER-BALTIMORE, MAY 11, ESSAY ON ROTATION OF CROPS (Concluded from p. 50.) Miscellaneous Observations. It is obvious, that at the commencement of an improving system, upon an exhausted farm, or upon poor land, it is proper to begin with gentle rotations; when the soil is improved it will bear more severe cropping. applied to the hill, or the drill, one fourth of the I have no scruple in saying that at this day there quantity will be sufficient for the corn crop. The is less pasture land and less stock in Virginia, in application in either mode will give from two hun the country east of the Blue Ridge, than there was dred and fifty to three hundred barrels of corn from thirty years ago. I must not be understood to apthe field, as the year is favourable or otherwise, in prove of the ancient management of stock and pasone of these modes. I know it is in the power of tures, when the stock was permitted to roam over every man upon such a farm to manure fifty acres; the plantations during the winter, and poach the if he will provide winter and summer food for his earth, nibbling every atom of herbage that escaped stock, and use due diligence in making and saving the frost, and snatching every particle of the spring manure, and consume all his wheat straw and corn growth, as fast as it was high enough to enable stalks as litter for his stock. In this way, then, them to bite it. Under this management the land By the high price of wheat, farmers have been half the land will be made to produce the quantity was injured, and the supply of food inadequate; the induced to cultivate too much land in grain, and of corn usually made, with a great saving of labour, stock miserably kept through the winter; a great there is reason to believe, that stock, the great a certain and constant improvement of his farm, loss in the spring of every year; half starved through source of manure, being neglected or almost given and a crop of wheat double what he would make, the summer, and the manure from them at all seaap, the soil will be exhausted by the severity of when one third of his land was planted in corn, and sons, small in quantity and meagre in quality. Incropping. The late change in Europe to a state of all his wheat made upon corn land. stead of which, I recommend the forming of lots profound peace, must cause the price of grain to The nature of the soil should have the greatest for the spring use of milch cows, yearling calves, fall, which added to a decrease in the produce of influence in deciding upon the crops to be made. mares and colts, and ewes and lambs; the more hardy the land, must bring distress upon the farmer; stock In most cases that crop will pay best, that the land stock to be kept upon dry food until the woods of every kind must rise on account of its scarcity, a is best adapted to. If the distance from market is will sustain them, which they will do for two or circumstance which cannot be remedied for many too great to transport grain of any sort, still it is three weeks, in all the upper and most of the lower years. The ready answer given by every man, made to great profit, for fattening stock and for dis-country; after which, towards the middle of May, when he is asked why he works his lands so hard, tillation. On the south branch of the Potomac, the common pasture of the farm may be used, and is that he must have the crop from all the land he corn is the principal crop. Where the lands are soiling commence. One twelfth or fifteenth of the cultivates, that less will not support his family, and peculiarly adapted to corn, let that be made the farm of suitable land in three or more grass lots, defray his expenses. Great and weighty consider-staple; so, as to wheat and every other plant which on a farm of any size, to be sown in green sward, ations, I admit, but is it not a fatal error to be- is cultivated. Upon the dry, thirsty uplands of the orchard and herds'-grass, meadow-oat and red clolieve, that one hundred and fifty acres of land in an mountainous country, corn is as precarious a crop ver, will be of as much value as the same number exhausted state, will produce more than a thud, or as wheat is upon the light lands of the lower of acres, in any crop, deducting the expense of at any rate, half the same land, well cultivated and country. culture, that ought to be charged to either grain or improved by the manure that can be made, the The great error in Virginia, heretofore, has been, tobacco. When the common pasture is open to free use of plaster and clover, and the prope: mix- that we have cultivated our lands without intermis-stock, or when it shall be sustained by soiling the ture of ameliorating with exhausting crops? Let sion; that we have attempted crops without any lots to be shut up for summer use, after the first of these questions be tested by experience. attention to the quality of the land, or the fitness of September there is never a want of pasture. From John Wickham, Esq. when he purchased his up-its culture; that we have taken every thing from that time until March, the lots should not be depasper farm, I understand, could not expect more than the soil, without returning any thing to it, and that tured; the fall growth will be very considerable, from two thousand to two thousand five nundred even now, when there is a strong solicitude to im- which will be valuable food in March and April; bushels of wheat annually, according to the season, prove our lands, we are attempting it in a way that the top of it only being injured by the frost. Where His crop is now from four to five thousand bushels.cannot succeed. I believe that by the due applica- there are two fields of clover in the rotation, perThomas Marshall, Esq. took possession of his es- tion of plaster, and the proper mixture of clover haps a better use for the land cannot be made of tate, when two and a half barrels of corn, and five crops, if the clover succeeds, good land may be one of them, than to pasture with stock with due or six bushels of wheat to the acre, would have kept in heart; but if our lands should tire of clover, caution. Exclude every thing until the clover is in been thought good average crops; he now makes or become clover-sick, as has happened in other full bloom; continue the stock upon it only long from six to eight barrels of corn, and from fifteen to countries, this resource will fail. Is there any man enough to make way for the second crop, excluding twenty-five bushels of wheat to the acre. For these so credulous as to believe, that by clover and gyp them always when the land is wet. There is no facts, many of the members of this society, can sum alone, the gullied and exhausted lands of Vir-stock on a farm more benefitted by clover, or less rouch. Little more than half Mr. Wickham's land ginia can be reclaimed? I believe not; if there injurious to it or the land, than hogs. Except for produces more than double the grain he used to should be, I can assure him he will be disappointed. the comfort of resting themselves in wet or moist make upon two thirds. Mr. Marshall has been Before clover will perform its office, the land must places in very hot weather, hogs will not root, parequally successful. I hope those gentlemen will fa. be made capable of holding and sustaining it; no-ticularly when the land is dry, if they can get plenYour the public, through this society, with a full thing but manure will enable such land to do this, ty of food without it. They have the ability to statement of their improvement. Sir John Sinclair and to have manure, there must be stock on every procure sustenance in that way, but I am satisfied it that the lands in some districts in Scotland farm, with a sufficiency of food for winter, and pas-is only necessity that makes them resort to it. By were formerly cultivated in grair three years in ture for summer. Soiling for some time may be using one of the divisions of a farm for pasture, four; the rent was then from twenty-five to thirty practised to advantage, but it is not to be relied shillings per acre; the same lands are now in grain upon in this dry, hot climate, with any certainty, not oftener than three years in six, they pay from for more than two months, and can scarcely be five to six pounds rent, and make nore grain from practised at all in the harvest month, from the midhalf than they formerly did from three-fourths of the die of June to the middle of July; because the farm farm. These great and important changes have been hands are fully employed in securing the grain made in Scotland in about forty years. crops. Instead, then, of excluding stock from our farms, they should be considered indispensable, not only for the purpose of making manure, and for the Here I beg leave to call the attention of the sonecessary supply of the farmer, his family and la-ciety to the effect of fattening stock on the farm bourers, with meat, milk and butter, but as a means with a proportion of its produce. It is to make the of affording income. Instead of Virginia having a land more productive in every thing, from the vast surplus of meat and horses, as she ought to have, quantity of the richest manure it affords, which imour supply is drawn to a very serious and alarming parts its fertilizing power to every part of the farm amount from other states. A vast proportion of in its turn. If the crop of corn is consumed by the beef and pork consumed in our towns, and cattle on the farm, there is no question but that the much of that which is used in the country by the subsequent crops both of corn and wheat will be farmers, is brought from other states. I am sure it increased by the application of the manure it will is a reasonable estimate to say, that Virginia has paid, in the last five years, to the people of the western country and North Carolina, not less than a million of dollars a year for cattle, horses and hogs, nearly one fifth of the value of our tobacco crop, thereby impoverishing the people, as well as the land of Virginia. says, A safe rule by which to proportion the crops of grain, is, not to suffer more than from half to three fifths of the farm to be in grain in one year. Let the land that can be manured, be the limit of the corn crop, to be succeeded by whea, rye or oats, according to the soil, and the relativevalue of each species of grain, and then complete the rotation by alternate crops of small grain and clver, allowing one field to be always in grass for psture. I fear many farmers will be deterred fromfollowing this advice, from a belief that it is impraticable to accomplish what I propose. I pledge mself that any man who will make proper exertions, aay make the quantity of manure that will be necesary. A farm of three hundred acres in six fields, will have six of fifty each: twenty loads, of forty bushls to the acre, will require a thousand loads for a field, to be spread over the surface equally. Ifthe manure be No. 8.-VOL. 9. with the aid of lots, I am satisfied that as much manure may be made and applied every year to the field in corn, as will make it a fine crop; that horses enough may be raised in Virginia for our own use, and that instead of purchasing a great proportion of the meat we consume, in a very few years we should have a considerable quantity for exportation. furnish, which excess may of itself pay a good price for the corn so consumed. If, in addition you can obtain a fair price for the corn, by the fattening of cattle, with a saving of the trouble and expense of its transportation, the farmer would be doubly paid. I am warranted in recommending feeding stock, by the success of the South Branch |