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co-operation of the whole agricultural community. I can be raised. Besides raising from the imported
It is in vain for one, or a few, to contend against ewe, I shall put as many of my own as the ram is
such a pest, whilst others supinely or negligently competent to; and as four crossings give the pure
permit it to flourish on their premises. The seeds breed, when that comes in, I shall make quick work
are constantly distributed in hay, or borne by rivu-of furnishing one to every county. By those means
lets and freshets, to every farm which lies in their I hope to see my own state entirely covered with
course. Where the plant is not too generally ex-this valuable race, at no expense to the farmers,
tonded over the farm, the best, and indeed the only and the moderate one to me of maintaining the
effectual plan, hitherto ascertained for destroying flock while doing it. In the mean time I shall have
it, is to keep the soil under constant culture for se- half-blood rams the first year, three-fourth bloods
veral years. This method, however, is obviously the second, and seven-eighths the third, to give to
adapted to those cases only in which the evil is cir- my friends. Any of these which would be accep-
cumscribed within moderate limits.
table to you, you shall be welcome to. I shall keep
Senecio hieracifolius. Fire-weed. Groundsel. my flock under my own eye; I have been obliged to
A worthless weed, very common in new clear-do this for some time with my present race, keep-
ings, and in and around spots which have been re- ing a person constantly following them, attended by
cently fired; whence one of its common names. the Shepherd's dog I received from France, perfect-
It is not a difficult plant to keep under. The S. ly trained to the business. They have now the be-
balsamitæ, another species, is frequent in moist nefit of fine pastures as can be, the dog keeping
meadows, and equally valueless, but not trouble- them from injuring the grain in the same enclosure.
some.
As Dr. T. had asked one of those dogs as well as
yourself a pair of the first litter, I have been constant-
ly on the watch for an opportunity of sending them
to you, but I had none.
I salute you affectionately,

which was sown with this grass and white clover,
the other half with meadow fox-tail and red clover.
The sheep would not touch the sweet scented ver-
nal and white clover, but kept constantly on the
fox-tail grass, though the dwarfish nature of the
sweet-scented vernal had occasioned an unusual
degree of luxuriance of the white clover, with which
it was combined. This would indicate that it is
not, when single, or when combined with but two
or three different species, very grateful to cattle.
The chemical examination of its nutritive matter,
shews that it does not abound in saccharine matter,
but chiefly in mucilage; and the insoluble extract
is in a greater proportion than in many other grass-
es. Its merits, however, in respect to early growth,
continuing to vegetate and throw up flowering
stalks till the end of autumn, and its hardy and
permanent nature, sufficiently uphold its claim to a
place in the composition of all permanent pastures.
The superior nutritive qualities of its latter-math
are a great recommendation for the purpose of
grazing, the stalks being of but little utility, as Erigeron strigosum. Flea-bane. Daisy.
they are generally left untouched by the cattle, pro- A very common, worthless weed in pastures and
vided there is a sufficiency of herbage.
upland meadows. It is not, however, deemed so
"It is said to give to new mown hay that delight-important an evil as to attract much attention; and
ful smell which is peculiar to it; if it is not the sole it is a fortunate circumstance, for it would probably
cause of that pleasant smell, it is certainly more be extremely difficult to extirpate.
powerful when combined with the grasses which
compose hay. About the middle of April it comes
into flower, and the seed is ripe generally about the
first or second week of June."

This grass has become extensively naturalized in the United States; but, it is believed, has been rarely, if at all, cultivated. It is to this plant that the following lines in Darwin's Botanic Garden, have

reference:

"Two gentle shepherds, and their sister-wives,
With thee, ANTHOXA! lead ambrosial lives;
Where the wide heath in purple pride extends,
And scatter'd furze its golden lustre blends,
Closed in a green recess, unenvy'd lot!
The blue smoke rises from their turf-built cot;
Bosom'd in fragrance blush their infant train,
Eye the warm sun, or drink the silver rain "

Loves of the Plants, canto 1, l. 85.

NOTICES OF PERNICIOUS AND UNPRO

FITABLE PLANTS, Which infest the Farms in Chester county, Penn. (Continued from page 27.)

weed.

No 8.
SYNGENESIA-Superflua.

Erigeron canadense. Canadian flea-bane. Horseweed. Hog-weed.

Another worthless and abundant weed, which, it is said, has been carried from this country and has disseminated itself all over Europe-thus partially repaying the old world, for the numerous vegetable

A few worthless species of this family of plants
are abundant in many old fields; but they are chiefly
confined to such as are sterile, and are easily ex-
pelled by improving the quality of the soil.
Aster. Star-wort.

Several species of this genus abound in our fields,

so much so as to be a good deal of a nuisance.

They are utterly destitute of value, in an agricul
tural view; but how to get entirely rid of them,
seems not to be well understood.

Anthemis cotula. May-weed. Dog's fennel. Stink-
ing chamomile.

THOMAS JEFFERSON.

DISORDER IN SHEEP.

[The following was written by a respectable member of the New York Legislature.]

(From the Albany Daily Advertiser.) MESSRS. EDITORS-I observed in your paper of pests which it has transmitted to the new. No Tuesday, of last week, that a strange disease had other means are used, or can probably be used with broken out among the sheep, in one of the towns of advantage, to keep down this weed, except the ju- Oneida county. As the subject is one in which the dicious practice of alternate husbandry, and cloth-farmers of our country are deeply interested, and as ing the soil with plants of value. Solidago. Golden rod. a cure and preventative are both familiar to me, I from experience in raising sheep. beg leave to suggest the following facts obtained to every farmer, that in the heat of summer, sheep It is well known are troubled with a fly, of which they are very fearful, and on its approach will start and run, and at This fly, known by the name of the brown grub fly, the same time keep their heads near the ground. alights upon the end of the animal's nose, penetrates the nostrils and deposits the eggs in the membranes of the head, which forms the grubs, and usually by June, these grubs are large enough to destroy the the first of April, or between that and the first of This is a vile, fetid little foreign weed, of no sort sheep; and frequently several dozen of these grubs of value, and a good deal troublesome in yards, and length mentioned. This accounts for the origin are to be found in the head of the sheep, of the size lanes, grass lots, &c. Considerable attention and of the grub. The first expedient which I adopt for Gnaphalium polycephalum. Life everlasting. Cud-lanes, grass lots, &c. Considerable attention and perseverance are requisite to keep it in proper suba preventative, is to keep my sheep on dry and elejection. The A. arvensis, or field chamomile, ano-vated pasture land in summer, and by all means let it is by no means so annoying as the foregoing. ther worthless foreigner, occurs occasionally; but them range where they can have access to dust, like that of a dry road. Every farmer has observed that sheep, when these flies are about them, will keep a MR. JEFFERSON.-SHEEP. continual stamping with the feet, with their heads The following letter from Mr. Jefferson has been near the ground, especially where it is dusty. This placed in our hands by one of our old citizens, to dust is inhaled at the nostrils, and produces a sneezwhom it was addressed, and we agree with him in ing, by which the fly or eggs are thrown out. It is the opinion, that although Mr. J. in his life time re-a common remark, and experience has demonstratfused his permission to publish it, yet that it is due ed to every farmer, that low moist land does not anto his memory it should now be made public, as swer the purpose for rearing sheep, and the reason adding one more to the many proofs that the good is obvious. As a cure for this disease, let every farof his country was his constant study. mer in the fall, before winter sets in, look to his flock, and he will discover that those sheep which are likely to be affected by the grub, are discharging a water-like substance at the nose; let him take a goose-quill, or any other similar tube, or a common hand bellows, and blow dry Scotch snuff, or dry pulverized salt up the nostrils of the sheep, and it will destroy the grub or eggs, and render the sheep sound and healthy. Tar mixed with the salt when fed to the sheep, has performed the same cure. The facility with which these expedients may be used, renders it worthy of a trial.

This plant is very abundant in many of our fields, and is of no value to the farmer; but it has not been deemed of sufficient importance to require any efforts to get rid of it. In truth, the greater portion of merely worthless weeds are generally expelled by judicious culture, and the introduction of valuable plants.

Gnaphalium plantaginum. Plantain-leaved cud

weed.

This worthless plant is almost constantly limited to sterile knolls, or cold clayey banks; and can always be banished by improving the soil. Chrysanthemum leucanthemum. Ox-eye daisy. White weed.

Monticello, May 24, 1810. This foreigner is, perhaps, the vilest weed which DEAR JOSEPH-I have duly received your two has yet invaded our farms: and it is spreading itself letters, of the 5th and 14th, and am thankful for in a manner calculated to excite the serious con- your aid in the safe delivery of our merinos. The cern of reflecting agriculturists. It is a plant which President, on their arrival, had notified me of it, is generally refused by all kinds of stock; it takes and that he would receive and forward mine to almost exclusive possession of the soil, is extremely Orange with his own; from thence I can get them difficult to subdue, and produces seeds in great here in a day. As soon as I heard of their arrival, abundance. Although there are some neighbour-I made up my mind, instead of receiving thousands hoods which are yet pretty clear of it, there can be little doubt that it will ere long pervade the entire country, unless resisted by the vigilant and active

of dollars a piece for their offspring, to lay myself
out for furnishing my whole state gratis, by giving
a full-blooded ram to every county, as fast as they

A FARMER.

HORTICULTURE.

which succeeds. As those insects, or at least the money and labour as any other fruit. After selectmost of them, can fly at times, they are hard to ing suitable kinds, but little skill and attention are destroy entirely; the smooth flies damage the young required. Our soil and climate is well adapted to

ON PLUM TREES, PRUNES, AND NECTA growth of plum trees, &c. which hurts the next the purpose; in proof of this we need but remark the

MR. SKINNER,

RINES.

There have recently been a number of gentlemen asking me the cause why I have fine plums, prunes, &c. in succession, the season through, and their's drop off, or do not arrive to perfection; therefore I have thought proper to give a brief sketch of my practice and knowledge of those fruits for more than twenty years, in your valuable work, which appears to raise agriculture and horticulture more in the United States than any other work I have

seen.

The best of our plums, prunes, &c. appear to have come from the east, and a little north, and on a fair trial I find some of them do not suit our cli mate as well as others; therefore I have discarded several sorts of them.

JOHN WILLIS.

year's crop. They may be destroyed with salt wa-abundance of wild grapes which flourish and bear
ter, or driven from the tree; though I often take off luxuriously in all quarters around us. And here.we
the twig and make short work of them.
would observe that several kinds of these are well
worth cultivation. The large white fox grape, so
common here, is little inferior in sweetness and fla-
vour to some of the foreign cultivated grapes, and
has the advantage of being a native, and congenial
to the soil and climate. The small chicken or win-
ter grape is another kind which makes a most deli-
cious preserve.

GARDENING.

Little time ought now to be lost in preparing new and old gardens for early spring crops. See that the fences are in good order. Hogs and cattle soon find out a faulty pannel, and will not fail to take ad vantage of it; and a whole season's work may be destroyed for want of a few hours' work at the fence.

[Pottsville Journal.

ROSA GREVILLII, OR GREVILLE'S CHINA

ROSE. Mr. Prince, is almost incredible. His establishment [The enterprise and perseverance displayed by does, in its way, much credit to our country.]

ROSES.-Perhaps among all the astonishing productions of the vegetable kingdom, there is not one more remarkable than a rose recently introduced into Europe and this country from China, and thus lished at London: described in Loudon's Gardener's Magazine, pub

Gardening is too much neglected in this state. It is considered, in the country, a petty concern, and abandoned to the care of women and children. We desire, if possible, to claim for this subject, suitable Next to a good fence it is indispensibly necessary attention. The produce of a garden will afford a to have a sufficiency of a suitable manure; without family many comforts and luxuries; and what conthis, in the soils of this country especially, labour is tributes more to the value and beauty of a house, When a plum tree bears fine fruit a few years vain. Without a portion of well rotted stable dung, than a neat and productive garden? Cultivating a and fails, I examine the tree well, and try to find lime is the most powerful and most suitable fertili-garden is a healthy exercise for the sedentary, and out the cause. If the tree is of considerable size zer of our soils, with which we are acquainted. If a pleasing recreation for the labourer. It leads to and will not hold its fruit, but drop it when small, the soil be moderately deep, a half bushel of slack industry, neatness, economy and good order. If and is getting mossy, the remedy is to head it down ed lime may be evenly spread over every 20 feet every dwelling house had a good garden attached in May, and apply a hot composition where you cut, square. If the soil be sodden and clayey, a mode to it; it would, at least in our estimation, raise the made of turpentine, tallow and bees'-wax, melted rate coat of coal ashes, sand or the black coal dirt. value of the state twenty-five per cent. together. The tree will make a fine growth the well known here, will be of signal benefit. The same year, and appear to renew its age, and bear liming must not be repeated for several years. The more and finer fruit for many years than before. If life and soil of a garden, after it is well manured, is I find the fruit on a tree grow large and fine at to have it well worked. If it is a new lot, let it be first, and, instead of ripening, rot on the tree, then ploughed and cross ploughed, and well barrowed; the tree has too great an overflow of gum, which is if an old one, it ought to be dug at least two spades sometimes caused by insects. not always, rich soil deep, if the soil will admit of it, and be wel! turned and other things will do it. I bore holes or inch up and pulverised in the digging. It is an injurious in diameter, through the trunk of the tree, and and slovenly practice, too common here, to scratch plug them with seasoned wood; this should be done over the surface of the earth a few inches deep. in April. If it has no good effect the first season, I The consequence is, plants put forth their roots and take up the tree by the roots in November, and very soon meet a hard unfertilized stratum, which transplant it in a soil (if convenient,) not quite so they cannot penetrate, and quickly become puny rich; and the next spring, when it begins to bud and sickly from want of room and nourishment; "Rosa Grevillii, or Greville's China Rose.--The out, (as I know there must be a deficiency of roots and being so near the surface of the earth, the least from digging up,) I lop off some of its branches, drought kills them out-right It is then a subject of shoot of this rose grew eighteen feet in a few weeks, taking care to cut near an eye, or thriving branch, wonder and surprise, what can be the matter,-and and is the most singular of the rose tribe that ever and put composition hot, as above stated, and the the poor soil or climate, or both, has to bear all the came under my observation. It now covers about tree is almost certain to be crowned with the great blame of the laziness or inattention of the garde-trusses of flowers-some of these have more than one hundred feet square, with more than a hundred est success. When I find the fruit much punctured by the circulio and drop off full of worms, I wash It is all important to have the best seeds. The fifty buds in a cluster, and the whole will average the trunk and large limbs with my composition, fruits will assuredly partake of the nature of the about thirty in a truss; so that the amount of flowprepared to resist frost and insects, (see vol. If you sow seeds of poor unprofitable kinds, Am. Farmer,) and pour hot ley or hot soap suds your produce will be of the same description. of the soft soap, round the trees on the earth, as As we are writing for the information of new bethose insects are there concealed; salt is also good ginners, we shall be excused, enumerating some of against them If the trees are not very young, I the plants and herbs which ought to find a place in pour the boiling ley or soap suds on and round the every kitchen garden. roots and trunk. If it is very small, I would not Esculents.-Beans, Peas, Cabbage, Carrots, Po recommend the scalding so much, for fear of datatoes, Beets, Turnips, Indian Corn, Tomatos, This rose has been introduced into the United mage; but if three or four inches diameter in the trunk, it will help it as a fine manure. When States, and we are informed that about fifty plants chickens go amongst the trees, they often eat the island. Among other roses peculiarly beautiful and are now in the possession of Mr. Prince, of Long circulio and other insects that spoil the fruit; but they do not half so much good as the toad frogs- Salads-Celery, Chives, Cress, Lettuce, Endive, of recent introduction, is the single white Multiflothese prey on those small bugs of every sort both Mustard, Parsley, Radish, Shallot, &c. ra, the double white evergreen Multiflora, or Banknight and day, and should not be destroyed or drove Herbs.--Anise, Basil, Coriander, Caraway, Cham-sian rose. The number of China roses at present cultivated in the collections at Long island, exceed out of a fruit garden. I have made many experi momile, Lavender, Marigold, Marjorain, Mint, ments with mercury, prepared in different ways, Sage, Savory, Thyme, &c. ninety varieties; and of roses of all the different which had good effect, but it is expensive. The In addition to the ordinary garden fruits of Ap-species, the number of varieties exceed six hunlate Col Robert Lloyd Nicols, a very respectable ples, Peaches, Plums, Gooseberries, Currants, &c. [N. Y. paper. gentleman in this county, of high standing, raised &c. we would especially recommend the cultivation fine fruit; he left a recipe in his own manuscript, of the Grape. The vine will form a beautiful and (which I have now,) it was told him by a French | highly ornamented shade, and the fruit a delicious A farmer near Dayton, Ohio, made last fall thirty gentleman, who destroyed the circulio by spreading dessert. Or if you have space and time to cultivate barrels of wine from the wild grape; one living near white linen cloths under the trees before sun-rise, it to a greater extent, you may save, besides abun-Germantown made 100 barrels. Most of this was and then struck the trunk of the tree hard with the dance of fruit for the table, a glass of good wine for made of middle sized blue grape, less than the Cape. pole of an axe or a maul, which caused the insects yourself and a friend. Here is a field of enterprise the most unbounded and

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Squashes, Spinach, Parsnips, Onions, Leeks, Cu-
cumbers, Nasturtion, Okra, Egg Plant, Cauliflow
er, Asparagus, Artichokes, Peppers, Horse Radish,
Scorzonera, &c.

er buds is little less than three thousand But the most astonishing curiosity is the variety of colours produced on the buds at first opening-white, lightblush, deeper blush, light red, darker-red, scarlet and purple, all on the same clusters. This rose grows in the manner of the Multiflora, but is easily known by the leaf, which is much larger and more rugose than the common Multiflora."

dred.

DOMESTIC WINE.

to drop off. and he could then destroy them with It is too generally supposed that the Grape is dif-sure in profitable result. The native vine, when ease; but it is apt to damage the tree. I do not re-ficult to raise, and laborious to cultivate; neither of cultivated, produces in increased abundance and commend it often. Some gentlemen, that have but these suppositions are well founded. It may be rais-improves in flavour; market price, $15 per barrel. few trees, pave the earth with brick under them, ed and cultivated almost with as little expense of [Cincinnatti Western Tiller.

RURAL ECONOMY.

ON SEASONING TIMBER.

(From Silliman's Journal of Science and Arts.) Mr. Webster's notice of the seasoning of Timber, and of the acceleration of Water Wheels during the night.

TO THE EDITor,

In November, 1825, I weighed a cleft of green oak wood, and laid it in my garret. At the end of a year I weighed it again. The weight was as follows:

When green, 6lb. 10 oz. oz. 106 Seasoned, 4 12 oz oz. 76 oz. 30

Difference, 1 14 Then, to ascertain what a ton would lose of weight in the same time and under like circum

stances:

106 oz.: 30 oz. :: 32,000 oz.: 8056 oz.=566 lbs

loss of a ton.

2000 lbs.-566-1434 lbs.-the weight of a ton of green wood after a year's seasoning.

I need not observe that wood will not season well until it is split. It is almost in vain to attempt to season round wood covered with bark.

same specific gravity as the Saratoga water, and of the meeting, and David Winchester, Esq secreta-
holds in combination, soda, magnesia and lime. A ry. Many documents and statements were produced
correct analysis cannot be obtained until the tubes at the meeting, to shew the advantage of RAIL-
are inserted, and the water obtained pure, which ROADS over turnpike roads or canals, for transpor-
will probably be in a few days, though the boring is tation of heavy articles of carriage. These docu-
yet continued. The hydrogen still continues to is-ments were referred by the meeting to a committee,
sue from the aperture, and on covering it for a few with instructions to examine and report thereon to
moments with a cloth, and applying a flame, it a subsequent meeting.
burns brilliantly.

market.

The committee so appointed consisted of-P. E. Thomas, Benjamin C. Howard, George Brown, Talbot Jones, Joseph W. Patterson, Evan Thomas, and John V. L. McMahon.

A resolution was then proposed by the meeting to contribute each ten dollars, to be placed at the disposal of the committee, who were invested with power to receive subscriptions from others. The meeting then adjourned to convene again on the 19th of February, 1827. A meeting was accordingly held pursuant to said adjournment, when the committee appointed at the previous meeting presented their Report. Of this Report, we must content ourselves with giving a brief outline. The prominent points are these:

As I have introduced you to a Brewery, I hope it may not be deemed obtrusive to state, that there is more ale brewed in Albany, than in any one, and probably more than in any two towns, on the continent. There are five extensive establishments; one of which is aided by a twenty horse steam power, and is capable of turning off 240 barrels of beer a day. Others are but little inferior in extent. Two years ago, there were 220,000 bushels of barley malted in this city, during the malting season, and the quantity this year probably exceeds 300,000. Albany ale has a high reputation, and I understand the immense quantity furnished at these establishments has a ready sale in the domestic and foreign The barley is furnished by the farmers of That if Baltimore remain longer inactive, she this county, and of a few counties west of it; and must yield to the more efficient exertions of New the hops come principally from Madison and Onei York and Philadelphia the little that remains to da. Both these articles are becoming important her of the western trade. In regard to the Susquestaples; and, in these hard times, contribute essen-hanna, the committee despatch it by remarking, In the year 1799, I spent a night in making ob-tially to the agricultural profits of the country. that "The effort now making to connect the tide servations to ascertain whether the popular opinion I am fearful the season is, and will be, unpropi-water of the Susquehanna by means of a canal nathat mill wheels, driven by water, have an accele- tious to our winter grain. The great body of snow rated velocity, with the same head of water, during which continues to cover the ground, has taken out the night, is well founded. By an article in a late the frost pretty generally; and there is reason to fear number of the American Journal, I observe that Pro- has smothered much of the grain. Should the snow fessor Cleaveland has made observations with a si soon melt, and expose the crops, rendered tender by milar view, which seem to disprove the results of the ample covering which has protected them, to my observations. But I am not satisfied with his the searching influence of March winds; and to the experiment and observations. I question whether alternations of freezing and thawing-there is reathe experiment can be fairly made, except on a son to apprehend serious injury. small stream, in a calm night, when no wind or I continue the cultivation of the ruta baga with moving object disturbs the water; at the same time unabated success. My crop of three acres last year great care must be taken to keep the water at the gave me from 15 to 1800 bushels. They grew on same altitude, and the wheel with uniform friction.my lightest sand, and depreciated in quality as the But there is an important circumstance in his case, soil became moist or stiff. They were drilled on a which must have rendered his experiment incom-clover ley, and were of course a second crop. plete. This is, that he discontinued his observations at twelve o'clock. But the greatest accelera

tion of the wheel is not till the break of day. My J. S. SKINNER, Esq.
observations, made in 1799, were conducted with
great care, from sun set to sun-rise, and these gave
an acceleration of one-ninth-the wheel making 16
revolutions at sun-set, and 18 at day-break. See
my History of Pestilential Diseases, vol. 2,
p. 298,
Am. edit.
N. WEBSTER.

New Haven, Nov. 1826.

BORING FOR WATER.

Respectfully,

Your ob't. serv't.

J. BUEL.

INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT.

BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAIL-ROAD.

vigation with the eastern extremity of the Pennsylvania State Canal, it is confidently hoped, by the friends of that measure, will secure to us the ascending and descending trade of this noble river, and perhaps will lead hereafter to a direct water communication with the great northern lakes, with whose tributary streams the Susquehanna interlocks. In completing this measure, we shall therefore do all that we are now called upon to execute in reference to the river Susquehanna."

After setting out the fact that Baltimore is nearer than New York by 200 miles, and nearer than Philadelphia by 100 miles, to the navigable waters of the west, the committee proceed to speak of the various modes which have been devised for intercommunication between distant points.

"When Turnpike roads," say they, "were first attempted in England, they were almost universally opposed by the great body of the people, a few enterprising citizens however succeeded after a severe struggle, in constructing them. The amount of travelling was then so limited, that this means of transportation was found abundantly sufficient for [Though we shall not have room to record in ex-all the exigencies of the then trade of that country; tenso, all the documents which will be put forth in in a little time however, so great was the increase the progress of the investigation which has been of commerce there, (and which increase in a great commenced in regard to this great project; we hold measure resulted from the advantages these roads it to be our duty to give, from time to time, a sketch afforded) that even the turnpikes in a short time Extensive breweries in Albany-barley and hops con-of the measures which may be taken in relation to were found insufficient to accommodate the growing sumed therein-cultivation of Ruta Baga, &c. it, to serve as a history of the undertaking, whether trade of the country, and the substitution of canals About the middle of May last, Messrs. Boyd and it be destined to succeed, or to miscarry. We com- in the place of roads was the consequence, in every McCullock, commenced boring for water, in their mence accordingly, now, with the meeting of the situation where the construction of them was pracextensive Brewery, in the south part of this city. citizens of Baltimore, on the 12th February, 1827; | ticable. When they had proceeded 70 or 80 feet, they came and we set apart a few columns for this sketch the "It was soon ascertained, that in proportion to the to a slate rock, similar to that found at Saratoga and more cheerfully, as we hope the facts and illustra-increased facilities afforded to trade by the canals Ballston, and they have now reached the depth of tions adduced by the committee, independently of in England, was the increase of trade itself, until 500 feet, and are still in this rock. When the au- their application to this particular work, will throw even this means of communication was actually, in ger had penetrated 130 feet, a current of hydrogen light upon the general subject that will be accepta- many of the more commercial parts of the country, gas (inflammable air) was found to issue at the surble to the general reader, and useful to those who found insufficient for the transportation required. face, which readily ignited and burnt on applying a may be charged with enterprizes of a similar cha- "Rail roads had, upon a limited scale, been used flame to the orifice. But what is most remarkable, in several places in England and Wales for a numwithin a few days the water has risen within two ber of years, and had, in every instance, been found feet of the surface, and on tasting it, it is found very fully to answer the purposes required, as far as the similar to that of the Congress Spring, at Saratoga. experiment had been made. The idea of applying I examined it to-day. As it had been in a wooden them upon a more extended scale, appears however cask some hours, the carbonic acid gas, or fixed air, only recently to have been suggested in that counhad mostly escaped. It had the flavour of Congress try; but notwithstanding so little time has elapsed water exposed for some time in a glass, and possess- William Patterson, Esq. one of our oldest mer since the attempt was first made, yet we find that so ed, I think, a stronger saline flavour. It has been chants, of great probity and large fortune, and a decided have been their advantages over turnpike so far analyzed as to ascertain that it is of about the whig of the revolution, was appointed chairman | roads, and even over canals, that already 2000 miles

racter, on whatever scale, in other parts of our
widely extended country.

The meeting was convened to consider of the
best means of "restoring to the city of Baltimore
the portion of the western trade which has lately
been diverted from it by the introduction of steam
navigation, and by other causes."

of them are actually completed or in a train of rapid progress, in Great Britain, and that the experiment of their construction has not in one case fail

LADIES' DEPARTMENT.

and Nursery Discipline.) FEARFULNESS AND FORTITude.

ed, nor has there been one instance in which they (From Hints for the Improvement of Early Education
have not fully answered the most sanguine expecta-
tions of their projectors. Indeed, so completely has
this improvement succeeded in England, that it is
the opinion of many judicious and practical men,
there, that these roads will, for heavy transportation,
supersede canals as effectually as canals have su-
perseded turnpike roads.

"We would just here remark, that the canal system has many advantages in England which it does not possess in this country.

"ist. The climate in England is so much milder in winter than ours, that their canals, even as far north as Liverpool, are seldom frozen, and then only about a week in any winter, whereas they would be often frozen up here for many weeks, and sometimes for several months.

that strength of mind which may enable them to
meet, with patience and courage, the real and un-
avoidable evils of life.

We have two objects to keep in view; the one, to secure our children from all unnecessary and "2dly. From that country having been long open-imaginary fears-the other, to inspire them with ed and cleared, the people there now know the minimum volume of their streams, and of course can calculate exactly how far they can depend upon these streams for a supply of water for their canals: whereas, with us it is known, that as the country is cleared, our streams are every year diminishing. and no one can now pretend to say to what point of declension they may yet go; but it has already been ascertained that 30 or 40 years back, many of them contained double the quantity of water they now do, in the latter part of summer.

to discolour that which in its nature is full of attraction, and which, if not disguised or distorted by the imagination, would appear, as it is in truth, a reasonable and joyful service.

Great care is required that children do not imbibe terrific and gloomy ideas of death; nor should they In various characters fear assumes various forms. incautiously be taken to funerals, or allowed to see Some children who can brave an external danger a corpse. It is desirable to dwell on the joys of the will sink depressed at a reproof or sneer. It is our righteous in the presence of their heavenly Father, business to guard against the inroads of fear under freed from every pain and sorrow, rather than on the every shape; for it is an infirmity, if suffered to state and burial of the body, a subject very likely gain the ascendancy, most enslaving to the mind, painfully to affect the imagination. On this point, and destructive of its strength and capability of en-books are often injudicious. It may be well to menjoyment. At the same time, it is an infirmity so tion as an instance, the Lines on a Snow-drop, in that difficult to be overcome, and to which children are useful and pleasing little work, entitled, "Original so excessively prone, that it may be doubted whe- Poems." Here the poor little babe, doomed forever ther, in any branch of education, more discretion to the pit-hole, would leave a gloomy impression on or more skill is required. the mind of any child of quick feeling and imagination: it is therefore better to make a point of cutting out such passages from a nursery library. If children are naturally of a timid, nervous constitution, or if, unfortunately, they have imbibed those fears from what we should most wish to guard them, much may be done towards restoring them For the first, there is no one who has contemplat- to a healthful tone of mind; but it must be effected ed the suffering occasioned, through life, by the by more than common skill, and by measures the prevalence of needless fears, imaginary terrors, and most gentle and unperceived. Direct opposition, diseased nerves, but would most earnestly desire to upbraiding a child for his cowardice, accusing him preserve their children from these evils. To this of fearing the dark, believing in ghosts, &c. will end, they should be, as far as possible, guarded but establish, or perhaps create, the very evils we against every thing likely to excite sudden alarm, desire to counteract. If a child dread the dark, he or to terrify the imagination. In very early child-must on no account be forced into it, or left in bed "Thirdly, the climate of England being above hood, they ought not to be startled, even at play, by against his will without a candle. We had better the fiftieth degree of latitude, the people there have sudden noises or strange appearances. Ghost sto-appear neither to see his weakness, or consider it nothing to fear from the stagnation of water in their ries, extraordinary dreams, and all other gloomy of importance, and for a time silently to yield to it, canals, whereas our climate is at least four months and mysterious tales, must on no account be named rather than to notice or oppose it; at the same time in the year a tropical one; and it is found by uni- in their presence: nor must they hear histories of losing no opportunity of infusing a counteracting versal experience, that the exhalations from a com- murders, robberies, sudden deaths, mad dogs, or principle. He may very soon be tempted to join mon mill race, renders the air unwholesome for a terrible diseases. If any such occurrences are the his bolder companions in a dark room at a game of considerable distance on both sides of it. There is subjects of general conversation, let them at least play, or to hunt for sugar plums, especially if his reason then to fear, that the same objection would be prohibited in the nursery. Nor is it of less im-mother or nurse will join in the sport, till he beapply to the navigating a canal below the fortieth portance that we should be cautious of betraying come accustomed to it. Well chosen stories, withdegree of latitude, during the hot season of the alarm at storms, a dread of the dark, or a fear and out any apparent reference to himself, may be reyear, that is found to exist against navigating the disgust at animals. The stricter vigilance in these lated to him, displaying the good effects of courage, river Mississippi to New Orleans. We say then, if respects is required, because, by a casual indiscre- as opposed to the folly and ill consequence of cowEngland, with these decided advantages, which she tion on our part, by leaving about an injudicious ardice. As he advances in age and strength of undoubtedly possesses over us in favour of canal book, by one alarming story, by once yielding our mind, he will be able to profit by some reasoning on navigation, is about to supersede her canals by the selves to an emotion of groundless terror, an im the subject. We may animate him to overcome construction of rail-roads, will it be wise in us to pression may be made on the mind of a child that his fears by an exertion of his own, encouraging exhaust our resources upon a system which is now will continue for years, and materially counteract him by rewards and approbation; but let the efforts about to be abandoned in a country where the ex- the effect of habitual watchfulness. How cruel, which he makes be wholly voluntary, and not by periment of the two plans has been fairly and fully then, purposely to excite false terrors in those under constraint. made? There has yet in this country, been but our care: as by threatening them with "the black It is not uncommon, with the idea of removing one rail-road constructed and fully tested, and this man who comes for naughty children," with "gip the groundless fears of children, to give them hisis only about three miles long; it cost $11,000 per sies," the "snake in the well," &c.! Not that chil tories of strange, terrific, or perhaps, ghost-like apmile; but it is alleged that, with the experience now dren will be long deceived; but when the black pearances, to be in the sequel cleared up and exgained, a similar one could be constructed for about man and dreadful monster shall have lost their pow-plained away. But experience will convince us, one third less. We here refer to the Quincy rail-er, the effect on the imagination—a liability to ner-that this is a very mistaken system; for, in childroad near Boston. It was erected as an experiment, vous and undefined terrors will continue; and thus, hood, the imagination is quick and retentive, but and as far as it has been tried, has fully answered for the trifling consideration of sparing ourselves a the reasoning powers slow and weak. The alarmthe expectations of the parties for whose use it was made; not having been the least injured by the severe frosts during the late winter.

little present trouble, we entail upon those entrusted to us, suffering, and an imbecility of mind, which no subsequent efforts of their own may be able "The stock of information upon the general sub- wholly to overcome. We have reason to hope, that ject of rail-roads, now in possession of this com the particular expedients here referred to are, in mittee, is admitted not to be very extensive, but the present day, excluded from most nurseries; but they have gleaned from the several publications we may, perhaps, fall into similar errors, under a and reports which they have examined upon this more refined form-by exciting, for instance, an interesting subject, enough to leave no doubt upon apprehension of immediate judgments from heaven, their minds, that these roads are far better adapted as the consequences of ill conduct. But it is to be to our situation and circumstances, than a canal remembered, that the attempt to touch the conacross the mountains would be: they therefore re-science, or to enforce obedience, by terrifying the commend that measures be taken to construct a dou- imagination, is, under every form, to be reprobated, ble rail-road between the city of Baltimore and some as altogether erroneous and highly injurious. This suitable point on the Ohio river, by the most eligible and direct route, and that a charter to incorporate a company to execute this work be obtained as early as possible; and in support of this opinion *ay submit the following views and statements." (To be continued.)

mode of proceeding is, commonly, the resort of
weakness and inexperience; for authority establish
ed on right principles, needs no such supports. Su
perstitious fears of every kind are the more to be
dreaded, and earnestly guarded against, because so
peculiarly apt to mingle themselves with religion,

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ing image and nervous impression may continue, whilst the subsequent explanation and practical inference will most likely be forgotten.

There are few more fruitful sources of fearfulness than mystery: it is therefore a mistake to assume an air of concealment toward children-to speak in their presence by hints, or in a suppressed voice, on subjects unsuited to them. We are apt, also, to forget how many things are to them fearful and mysterious, which experience has rendered to us familiar and simple. In the course of conversation, and amidst the common occurrences of life, many things will strike the mind, and even the senses of a child as strange and alarming, merely because he understands them but by halves; and this not unfrequently arises from the thoughtless manner in which we are apt to speak before children of distressing circumstances, as of terrible diseases and other calamities. Such impressions, when perceived, ought neither to be ridiculed, nor

carelessly overlooked. We should endeavour to ascertain from what they proceed, and to state the subject in question in so simple and familiar a manner as may strip it of its alarming character. To succeed in this, it will be necessary to cultivate that quick penetration which readily understands the looks and manners of children, a language which often conveys more than their words. I had, a few weeks since, an example of this with a little boy of my own, about five years old. He was walk ing with me in the dusk of the evening; as we pass ed one corner of the garden, I found my hand squeezed more tightly, and an inclination to cling to my side, but nothing was said; in returning to the same spot, this was again and again repeated. I was certain it must arise from an emotion of fear, though I could perceive nothing likely to produce it. would not, however, pass it over, and at length induced my little companion to confess,-"Mamma! I think I see under that bush an animal with very great ears!" I immediately approached the object. gently persuading him to follow me, when we found to our amusement a large tin watering pot, and "the very great ears" converted into the spout and han dle. Had the squeeze of the hand been unheeded, a fearful association with the dark, and with that spot in the garden, would, there is little doubt, have long continued. (To be continued.)

SPORTING OLIO.

Streams from his flank the crimson torrent clear:
He flies, he wheels, distracted with his throes;
Dart follows dart; lance, lance; loud bellowings
speak his woes.

Again he comes; nor dart nor lance avail,
Nor the wild plunging of the tortured horse;
Though man and man's avenging arms assail,
Vain are his weapons, vainer is his force.
One gallant steed is stretch'd a mangled corse;
Another, hideous sight! unseam'd appears,
His gory chest unveils life's panting source,
Though death struck still his feeble frame he rears,
Staggering, but stemming all, his lord unharm'd he

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TROTTING.

In consequence of the performance of the horse, owned by Mr. Randolph, over the Charleston Race Course, (50 miles in five hours) a sportsman of N. York, named Jackson, pledges himself in the Evening Post, to produce a horse in all the month of April next, as may hereafter be agreed on, to trot distance, in less time, for the sum of ten thousand dol in harness, on the Petersburg course, over the same lars; or will trot his horse in harness, against the horse of Mr. Randolph, the same distance for the of one hundred and forty pounds, giving or taking like sum-each horse to carry weight to the amount ten pounds.

OLD FLORIZEL.

-To the Editor,-Will you be so good as to inform me (if you can ascertain,) the time of the death of old Florizel, who was sired by Diomed?

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS TAKEN AT BALTIMORE-MARCH 1827.

Temperature

DESCRIPTION OF Bull-baiting oN THE SABBATH, IN Duys. At sun- MaxCADIZ-BY AN IMMORTAL POET.

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1 hour past sun-set.

MISCELLANEOUS REMARKS,

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Thrice sounds the clarion; lo! the signal falls,
The den expands, and expectation mute
Gapes round the silent circle's peopled walls.
Bounds with one lashing spring the mighty brute,
And, wildly staring, spurns, with sounding foot,
The sand, nor blindly rushes on his foe:
Here, there, he points his threatening front to suit
His first attack, wide waving to and fro

His angry tail; red rolls his eye's dilated glow.
Sudden he stops; his eye is fix'd: away,
Away, thou heedless boy! prepare the spear:
Now is thy time, to perish, or display
The skill that yet may check his mad career.
With well-timed croupe the nimble courser veer;
On foams the bull, but not unscathed he goes;

light clouds; clear Mean of the observations at sun-rise,

Average of the three numbers, 47° 2; the mean temperature of the month of March. The preceding observations have been taken with care and precision; the thermometer used is a correct one, having been subjected to proof. It hangs constantly in the open air, free from contact of any substance, and exposed to every blast; it is also protected from the direct and reflected rays of the sun. The bulb is sheltered from the wet, because the subsequent evaporation would cause it to experience a degree of cold, lower than the surrounding atmosphere. The observations are taken in the city, but such an allowance has been made as experiment has proved necessary, to render them similar to those taken in the adjoining open country. RICHARD SEXTON.

WNW. rain and thunder, clear 48

clear ssw. clear

41

57

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Apricots in blossom.

39° 8.

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