[The following is a list of the different kinds of Dorchester county, to wit-Oct. 8, 1527. apples in the before described orchard, viz:

Joseph E. Muse deposeth that he accurately sur- they were much gratified by the opportunity affordveyed and measured the ground from which John ed them of viewing, amongst other fine animals exWheeler, his overseer, swears he obtained the corn hibited, the beautiful and justly distinguished thobelow mentioned; and that the one measurement | rough bred horse, "Northern Eclipse, the property contains five acres precisely, and the other measure- of - Stephens, Esq. of New York. ment ten acres to the best of his knowledge. Taken and certified by me, a justice of the peace for the county aforesaid.

John Wheeler deposeth that the corn which grew
on the above named grounds this season, measured
as follows, to wit: on the five acres, four hundred
and forty-nine bushels and one half bushel and one
half peck of shell-corn, or ninety bushels per acre
wanting a half peck-and on the ten acres, seven
hundred and sixty bushels of shell-corn, or seventy-
six bushels per acre.

Taken and certified by me, a justice as afore-
| mentioned.
JAMES HOUSTON.

I enclose a statement of the product of the five acres; and also of ten acres, and will thank you to exhibit them to the committee on crops, at your cattle show, and whether I be or not, the successful candidate for the five or ten acre premium, or both, or neither, I feel gratified that under the most unfavourable circumstances of weather, I have convinced many obstinate farmers of their error-quod crat desideratum.

You will perceive that I have had all these matters verified on oath; and this full authentication ought to be forever required by your board; nor does it imply suspicion, but it will make the overseers more particular, and the owners perhaps also: and it goes abroad upon a firmer basis than a loose letter of conjecture.

The board generally prefer to possess the mode of cultivation. You will please to use this as may best suit their views. Yours, respectfully, J. S. SKINNER, Esq.

were produced, yet they are pleased to state, that they were all very fine of their kind. No breeding sows nor boars, under one year, were exhibited. They award the first premium of $10 to Mr. N. Underwood, of Orange farm, for his very fine white boar Tom, aged two years and five months. Tom, without any extraordinary keeping, would weigh near 600 pounds.

The very beautiful hearth rug, exhibited as the than to observe, that their performance afforded, work of Miss Leah Goldsborough, of Talbot county, what we hope, may be a salutary proof of the fallacy they think entitled to a premium as an evidence of of the prevailing prejudices against those exceedthe good taste and ingenuity of the manufacturer. ingly valuable animals as ploughers; one of the And the talents of Mrs. Daniel Murray, Mrs. R. A. teams being beaten in point of time only one minute Skinner, Miss Mary Coppuck and Miss Waters, in by one of the two foremost horse teams, and the similar fabricks, deserve the highest commendation. other one minute behind the horse team last out. A piece of drab cloth from R. B. not properly Your Committee have, (but they regret to say not They also award the premiun of $5 to Mr. N. Un-kersey, and consequently not provided for in the without some difference of opinion,) adjudged the derwood for the best sow pig, being one of the pigs list of premiums, was much approved by the Com-premium allowable to the best performance among from his boar Tom. mittee, and some short hose manufactured in the the two horse teams, to that owned by Mr. Eastman, family of John Mercer, Esq. from cotton grown on of Baltimore. Your Committee will conclude their his estate at West River, were of remarkably fine report by observing, that they are of opinion unanquality and texture. imously, that the whole work was well executed, and the competition admirably maintained. All of which is very respectfully submitted by Your humble servants,

ALEXANDER NISBET,
JOHN KELSO,
JOHN ENSOR.

SHEEP AND WOOL.

As the productions of the silk worm have not as yet come under the consideration of the Society, the The Committee on sheep and wool, exhibited Committee can only observe of the cocoons and at the meeting of the Maryland Agricultural So-skeins presented by Mrs. Norris, of Baltimore counciety, of the 24th October, 1827, have awarded as

To Mrs. Anne Morris, of Anne Arundel county, for the best pair of wollen hose,

2 00

ty, that they appear to be of very good quality; and
they recommend that provision should be made in
future exhibitions for the encouragement and re-
ward of this interesting branch of industry. The
large amount of silk manufactures, yearly imported
into this country has drawn the attention of the
Committee more particularly to this subject; and
their anxiety to promote the attraction of this im-
portant material amongst us, has induced them to
award a premium of $15 to Mrs. Norris for the zeal
and intelligence she has displayed respecting it,
W. B. BUCHANAN,
GEORGE HOFFMAN,
THOMAS T. SOMERVELL,
BARTUS COMEGYS.
JAMES SYKES.

BUTTER AND CHEESE.

The Committee on butter and cheese having examined the several samples of fresh butter presented for their consideration, found considerable difficulty in deciding between the merits of a premium, exhibited by John Smith, Esq. of Baltimore county, and one furnished by Daniel Murray, Esq. of Anne Arundel county. They, however, do award the premium of $10, for the specimen of the best fresh butter to John Smith, Esq. There being but one sample of preserved butter, the Committee declined awarding a premium as it was not considered entitled to the one placed at their disposal.

HENRY THOMPSON,
THOMAS KELL,
J. SPEAR SMITH,
LLOYD N. ROGERS,
ROBERT RIDdell.

THE PLOUGHING MATCH.
The Committee charged with the superintendance
of the ploughing match, directed their attention to
the duty assigned them. They laid off the ground,
(which luckily happened to be a fair piece for all the
competitors,) into lands of 70 feet in length and 27
in breadth, leaving an interval of six feet between
each land.

To Miss Anna Maria Stevens, of Talbot coun-
ty, for the second best pair of woollen hose, 1 00
To Mrs. Anne Morris, for the best pair cotton
hose,
2 00
To Miss Orrick, of Baltimore county, for the
1.00 There was but one three horse plough that enter
'second best pair cotton hose,
The Committee feel themselves justified in re-ed the lists, which, although without competition,
commending to premium Miss C. Knight of for and under the disadvantage of having by mistake
the very excellen: specimens of carpeting exhibited ploughed up the interval as well as the land assigned
by her, and in bestowing their encomiums on Mrs. it, made her task in less time than any other plough;
R. A. Skinner and Mrs. Ensor, of Baltimore county, and made an average depth and slice superior to any
for their exertions in this description of manufacture. plough there. We therefore assign to this plough
Mr. John Wilson, of Baltimore, also exhibited the premium of $10.
some very good productions in this line from his fac-
tory in the city, which, though they could not come
into competition for the premium as they are not
considered in the light of household manufactures,
are fully entitled to notice and recommendation. With respect to the two teams of oxen, we take
We must likewise mention an excellent exhibi-pleasure in bearing testimony to their unexpectedly
tion of carpeting, made at the factory of Mr. D. G fast performance, but as those two ox-teams were not
McCoy, of Harford county, as among the best de- to vie with each other, particularly, but to contend
scriptions we have seen.
also with the horse teams, we cannot say further

N. B. We are desired to observe that the above plough was owned by Mr. Eastman, of Baltimore city, the driver and horses by Mr. Baker Johnson, of Baltimore county.

Oct. 25th, 1827.

THOMAS B. HALL, JOHN SCHWARTZE, THOMAS MURPHY, SAMUEL STONE, JOSHUA JONES, CARROLL HAMMOND.

FAT CATTLE.

The Committee on fat cattle and oxen, have to regret that the competition was so limited, and not of a superior quality; but in the discharge of their duty, do award the premium of $20 to W. F. Pierce, of Baltimore county, for the best lot of fat cattle; and the premium of $10 to Judge Archer for the second best; and to Enoch Clap, of Anne Arundel county, the premium of $10 for the best pair of well broke oxen. JOHN KELSO, JOHN L. POTTS, CHARLES CARROLL, ISAIAH MERCER.

THE REBELLO PREMIUM.

A silver cup of $20 value, to the constructor of the cheapest and most economical apparatus for cooking food for stock; adapted to the use of the generality of farmers. The contrivance to be exhibited in operation on the Cattle Show ground. By Jose Sylvester Rebello, minister from Brazil.

The Committee on volunteer premiums award to Mr. Coppuck Mr. Rebello's premium for "the cheapest and most economical apparatus for cooking food." The constructor is willing to contract for putting up his apparatus, adapted to the largest farm, for the sum of 150 dollars.

I had procured a quantity of the Locust seeds, (black Locust so called,) with the intention of planting them early last spring. The backwardness of the season prevented my doing so at the time in tended, and my numerous avocations thereafter caused me to forget that those seeds were in my possession, until the 18th of June, when, late as it was, I determined to experiment with them. Ac cording to the directions given in the letter referred to, I poured boiling water on the seeds, and suffered them to remain in the same water for 12 or 14 hours, throwing away the few light seeds that rose to the surface thereof. My gardener, a soldier of the revolution, had previously prepared a bed for the recep tion of the seeds, and on the morning of the 19th of June he drilled them in, four or five inches apart, covering them lightly, the rows about a foot apart: every seed, I think, vegetated. In a few days they appeared above ground, and so rapid a growth of trees I never before saw. On the 23d of August following, I counted 500 vigorous young trees, some of which measured in height 26 inches, and not any of them short of 20 inches. There was great uni formity in the size of the trees. I have only to add that a small quantity of refuse mortar which had been prepared early in the spring for plaistering a house, had been strewed upon the bed in which the

Locust seeds were drilled.

1.

MANUFACTURE OF COTTON IN THE
SOUTHERN STATES.

COTTON RECOMMENDED AS THE MATERIAL,FOR COT-
TON BAGGING, CORDAGE, &c.-No. VI.
Slave Labour and Domestic Manufactures.

J. S. SKINNER, ESQ.

Ravensworth, near Alexandria, D. C. Į October 22, 1827. Sir-I have seen, with very great satisfaction, the efforts making through the medium of your valuable paper, to awaken my fellow citizens of the South to a sense of their true interests, in relation to domestic manufactures: and I gladly avail myself of the offer of at least one of your correspondents to seek such further information on the subject, as may be of use to a very large proportion both of Virginia and Maryland. Almost all the country north of the Rappahannoc is too high for the successful cultivation of cotton; but it possesses every advantage both of soil and climate for the production of wool: and besides being abundantly supplied with water power, has a considerable proportion of slave labour, entirely unproductive in its present occupation. My object is, to ascertain whether this labour cannot be advantageously employed in converting our wool into cloths, calculated for our own market? and for this purpose, I beg leave to propose the following queries to the experienced practical manufacturers of the North. 1st Can women and girls above the age of ten, be advantageously employed in a woollen factory? 2d. Would any male labour be necessary, and if so, in what proportion?

4th. If not, what ready taught labourers or manu-len factory: this information, as before stated, is not facturers would it be necessary to employ? for myself, but for any of my friends that may think they can profit by the answers to be thus given. With due respect, JOHN THOMPSON KILBY.

5th. What would be the cost of a factory (includ ing both horse and machinery) for the employment of forty women and girls?

6th. What quantity of wool, or (for the manufacture of cassinett) of wool and spun cotton, would be J. S. SKINNER, ESQ. requisite for keeping such a factory in operation Dear Sir.-Will you be pleased to let the forego

throughout the year?

tendant be procured?
7th. On what terms could a competent superin-inquiry, if any one has yet invented a machine to
ing letter appear in your paper, with this further

8th. And if any additional experienced labour must be employed, what would be its cost? questions, will not only confer a great favour on the Answers, as much in detail as possible, to these der some aid to the interests both of agriculture and individual asking them, but may very possibly ren

manufactures.

With great respect, sir, yours, &c.
WM. H. FITZHUGH.

Suffolk, Nansemond county, Virginia,

1827.

THOMAS MASSEY, ESQ.
Dear Sir.-I now have that valuable paper, the
"American Farmer," of the 19th October, 1827.
vol. 9, No. 31, before me, in which you very polite-
y offer to give any information that may be required
by any one respecting the costs of an establishment
to manufacture cotton or wool, and say if any south-
ern gentleman will give you the costs of slave la-
bour, you will then make the calculation, &c. neces-
sary for them, not that I ever expect to be concern
ed in manufacturing myself, on account of my in
ability in funds, even were I disposed; yet the infor
mation here asked, if answered, may be of some use
to our southern country, and perhaps this section,
where we have many slaves, and they yield us very
little. First then I will say a likely man can be hired
$35
for a year,
20
12
2

Feeding, from 18 to 25, say
Clothing, from 10 to 15,
Taxes, about

Women hire for about from 15 to 20, say $17
Feeding, as above,

Clothing, about

Taxes, about

20

8

2

$47

the same water, that is to cause the water thrown cause a mill or factory to be moved alternately by (with a very small stream,) to keep a large mill in thrown back upon the wheel, and thus constantly, from the water wheel into the race to be again seen some hint relative to a machine of this kind; operation: it does seem to me that I have some where should it be practicable, (of which I have no idea,) the discovery, if once made, would be of great service to a flat level country in the operation of water power: the idea, formed by something I have read on the subject, is here merely suggested for the purpose of calling out information upon the subject. Should it be found to be impracticable, the enquiry can do no harm.

Respectfully, your most obedient,

SEA ISLAND COTTON IN VIRGINIA. 22, 1827. Sir.-Perhaps it may be useful to the public to know that the growth of the Sea Island cotton is not confined to countries south of North Carolina. The sample forwarded is the product of this year. It was raised on the farm of Francis W. Taliaferro, Esq. about four miles below this town. Though I am myself an editor of a newspaper, yet, as your Gazette is exclusively devoted to agricultural concerns, the notice of it there may be more extensively useful than in the "Arena." In very great haste, I am, sir, very respectfully,

[Sample, very beautiful, to be seen at the office of the American Farmer.]

HORTICULTURE.

CHERRIES.

[Extracted from Prince's "TREATISE ON HorticulTURE"-the numbers refer to the enumeration in his catalogue.]

22. Yellow Spanish.—This is a cherry of the largest size, and at the same time one of the most luscious. It is a variety of 'he Duke, of a straw colour, dotted on one side with small red spots, and added to its fine quality, t is a constant bearer. I have here given you the highest hiring prices, The skin appears so delicate, that I do not think it and perhaps the clothing might be less; the feeding, so well calculated for transportation as some others, if any thing, is more; and if the slave is not hired, and I have also noticed that, probably, from the Doctor's bill to add; if hired, the owner pays them. same circumstance, the fruit is apt to rot during Men that will hire for $35 will sell for about from long continued rains at the period of ripening. At $300 to $350. Boys at $8 hire will sell for about Boston this cherry is sometimes called the Ĉarnafrom $150 to $250. Girls same, and women not tion, and at others the Bigarreau; the latter term much more. I speak as to this section of country invariably indicates hard cherries. particularly, where money is so very scarce. Now 38. Elkhorn-This is one of the largest black I would ask of Mr. Massey the costs of a small fac-cherries I have ever seen; its size varies little from tory for cotton that would employ the least number that of the black Tartarian, but it roens two weeks of bands so as to be profitable, and what could the later, and is peculiarly distinct from every other cloth be made for per yard, and what capital neces- kind; the flesh, when eaten, having a iver-like consary to carry it on, how long it would require to sistence and being very solid. It is, perhaps, less carry one into operation, (as we Virginians say highly flavoured than some others, but still a supefrom the stump,) and in fact, sir, any other and all rior fruit; and from its solidity is well calculated 3d. Could a single skilful and experienced manu- information necessary to erecting one that may be for transportation to the markets, and its ripening facturer drill any number of raw hands to the vari-required, (which 1, a novice as I am, in such things, at a later period causes it to be most suitable for ous operations connected with the conversion of may have omitted to inquire of you,) and the same filling up the space between the ripening of the earwool into cloth? information, (if you have time,) relative to a wool- lier Duke and Heart cherries, and the common

DOMESTIC WINE.

na

bing them with your hands, it is very easy to get most of the stems off the grapes, and if separated,

will make a neater wine.

Kentish and Morello varieties. I discovered this variety on a tour through Maryland about thirty The Georgetown Republican publishes a letter years ago, growing in the garden attached to a ho- from Mr. Adium, (so celebrated for the perfection tel, and finding it very different from any that I had to which he has brought domestic wine from the Where you have not the means of getting the inseen, I brought home some scions for inoculation; tive grape,) from which we extract the following re-struments for ascertaining the specific gravity of the the landlord called it the Elkhorn, which name Icipe for making wine of wild grapes. This, as he must of the grape, and if you wish a wine to keep adopted for it. remarks, is the season at which the common Fox for an indefinite length of time, the way is to add 4. Black Tartarian.-This cherry, now well grape and other large grapes are ripe; and as others sugar to the must slowly, and dissolve it until a fresh known in many parts of the Union, is not surpass-will be ripening until after the frost, it is well to egg swims, so that the upper edge is just even with ed by any other Heart cherry with which I am ac draw the attention of farmers to the subject. Mr. the surface of the must of the grapes, which will quainted. It is of the largest size, of a fine black Adlum says that there are thousands, if not tens of then be equal to about three pounds of the sweet colour, very superior in flavour, and the tree is a thousands, of bushels of wild grapes of various principle, (sugar,) to the gallon; where there are great and constant bearer. Its period of ripening kinds, now growing in the different sections of our about two pounds of the sweet principle, in the galis the same as the Black Heart; but for all purposes country, each bushel of which will make from two to on, it will make a wine that ought to be drank withit is far more desirable. It is, without doubt, the three gallons of wine, much better than the wretch in the twelvemonth following. But for your grog best market cherry of its season, and in connectioned stuff imported in wood called Claret, and other bruisers, whiskey, rum and Madeira drinkers, who with the yellow Spanish, may be considered not to imported wines of low prices. He gathered some of drink for the "intoxicating quality and not for the be rivalled for the dessert. It has been the fortune the Fox grapes for experiment, from the places flavour"-it will be necessary to add from three to of this, as of most other choice fruits, to receive in where they grew naturally, and bruising them and four gallons of strong brandy to the barrel of wineEngland a great number of titles, and no less than straining them through a thin piece of muslin, tried with four gallons of brandy to the barrel, that wine ten are enumerated, by which it has been sold in the specific gravity, and found it to be 1055, which which has but two pounds of the sweet principle to that country. It has even in our country, from the was the average of three different wines, and which the gallon, will suit most vitiated tastes best. before mentioned circumstance, been disseminated is equal to one pound four ounces of the sweet prinunder two names, different from the one that headsciple, that is, (sugar,) to the gallon of the juice or this list-the Ronald's Black Heart, and the Circas- must. sian, both of which refer to the same fruit.

5. While Tartarian.--The cherry long cultivated by this name in our country, I have ascertained to

[N. Y. Statesman.

TO MAKE WINE OF WILD GRAPES. Gather the grapes when ripe and bruise them with be incorrect, and is nothing more than a half bar-a mallet, or in any other way, just to crack the skins ren variety of the White Heart. I have recently is sufficient, but take great care not to bruise the introduced the genuine kind, which is a most beau-seeds-and when the grapes are bruised, put them tiful transparent fruit, of a very fine quality, but not into an open headed cask or tub, but do not fill it of very large size. more than two-thirds full, where they are to remain for one, two or three days, according to the temperature of the weather, or until the pulp or colouring matter is dissolved. The skins and seeds will have risen to the surface and the wine is to be drawn off by a hole made within one or two inches of the bottom, the wine will run off tolerably clear; but have a hair sieve to let it run through to catch every thing that may run off with the wine-when you have the wine drawn off, add sugar to your taste, or it is a better way to add sugar until a fresh egg swims, just so that the upper edge is even with the surface of the must, and as soon as it is dissolved, put it into

There is now a sufficient quantity of the wildchicken and frost-grapes within half a mile of my house to make a pipe of wine, and I should suppose that in Montgomery county, which joins the District of Columbia, there are wild grapes sufficient, if they were gathered, to make between one and two hundred pipes, otherwise they will be left to fall and rot on the ground, or be eaten by the birds; and in the whole state of Maryland, there is now at this present moment, enough of wild grapes on the vines to make two thousand pipes of wine, and many of the other states would produce as much, which would be worth, if properly manufactured, from fifty to one hundred cents the gallon.

September 24, 1827.

JOHN ADLUM.

P. S. I have always observed that the wild grapes are infinitely more abundant in slatey, gravelly, sandy and other poor land than on the rich lime

stone lands.

SILK.

44. Plumstone Morello.--The varieties of the Morello are considered the finest fruits for tarts and preserves, and also for putting in brandy; but the European varieties are far surpassed in size and value by the present one, which is a native, discovered by myself in travelling through Virginia. It is far larger than any other variety, extremely rich and fine, and has pits shaped like those of the plum; whence its name. I have never found either this, or the large English morello, attacked by the insect which perforates the branches of the common morello, and causes large excrescences to be formed, The county court of Johnston, N. C. recently apwhich, if left to increase annually, and not lopped a clean cask well fumigated with a sulphur match pointed commissioners to purchase land, and to off in time, destroy the tree altogether. and bung it up tight; bore a small gimblet hole near have erected thereon suitable buildings for the re60. Napoleon Bigarreau-The growth of this the bung, into which put a peg, not so tight but that ception of the paupers of that county. Mr. John tree is the strongest I recollect to have seen, ex-a little air may escape to keep the cask from burst-MacLeod, one of the commissioners, presented to cepting the Tobacco-leaved cherry. Its generaling. In about three weeks, drive the peg in tight, the court at August term, a memorial, in which he appearance is indicative of a superior fruit; and al- and it is not necessary to look at it again until the though I have not yet myself seen its produce, still first week in December, when in nine cases out of it may reasonably be supposed that this tree, which ten, the wine will be perfectly fine and bright; you originated in France, would not have received the need not be under any apprehension about the fername of the greatest favourite of the nation, with-mentation, as it will go on its own way, and nature out its possessing superior merit. It was intro will perform her office in the best manner possible. duced to this country but three years since by On a clear cold day early in December examine myself. your wine, and in nine cases out of ten it will be completely fermented, and will be perfectly fine and bright Then rack it off into a clean cask, fumigated with a sulphur match, and in the month of March following, rack it again as above-and if it should not be perfectly fine, fine it with (if red wine) the whites of eggs-if white wine, with milk. If all these operations are done with proper care, it will then be incorruptible, and last for an age, or ages if necessary.

12. China Heart.-This cherry I raised from the seeds of the Ox Heart, and it is different from any other that has met my view. It is but of moderate size, but beautifully mottled, more like a waxen fruit, or like some representations on China ware; the flesh between the solid and the melting, quite sweet, and with a flavour peculiar to itself, differing from all others. It is an exceedingly productive tree, and the lower branches, as it advances in size, assume in many cases a pendant form. It ripens just after the Black Tartarian and many others are past, and forms a link between them and the later varieties.

39. Remington White Heart-This is the latest cherry which has originated in this country, and indeed, with few exceptions, later than any known in Europe. A bunch of the fruit was sent to me from Rhode Island, about the middle of September, which was just then ripe; but at Long island it ripens in August. The fruit is of a pleasant flavour, but no thing superior; the tree is very productive, but the late period of ripening forms its greatest merit.

I am here speaking of the Fox and other larger grapes.

states that the paupers "can be profitably employed in the production of silk." The article is published at length in the Raleigh Register, accompanied by the following remarks:

"We heartily approve of that part of Mr. MacLeod's communication, which proposes to employ our paupers in the cultivation of silk; and we trust that the example set by Johnston county will be imitated, as it deserves to be, by the other counties. It is well known, that all the necessary labour attending the culture of silk, may be performed by children or superannuated persons. A crop of silk is the work but of forty days, the first twenty of which occasion but little trouble. The mulberry tree is easily propagated, and possesses the property of enriching the soil where it is planted. We are pleased to see that Mr. MacLeod is not a mere theorist on the subject, but has reduced to practice that which he recommends."

TO IMPROVE TEA.

If the smaller grapes are used, such as the fall or frost grapes or others, as the chicken or pigeon, which are full of seeds and have thick clammy juice, The cheapest, and most expensive teas, are said it will be necessary to add from one gallon to a gal to be all the leaves of the same tree. The high lon and a half of water to the bushel of grapes, ei- flavour, therefore, of some of the sorts, and the ther before or after they are bruised, the grapes to want of flavour in others, must arise from the manbe first measured in the clusters-put the water to ner of preparing them. The substance found to them a little more than milk warm, and rub them agree best with the original flavour of tea, is the well with the hand, then put them into a cask or tub oil of bergamot, by the proper management of which as above mentioned, and follow the directions given you may produce from the cheapest teas, the finest for the manufacture of the Fox grape wine. In rub-flavoured bloom, hyson, gunpowder, and cowslip.

INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT.

three months at its northern extremity, and rarely extent of velocity of which the propelling power more than for a few weeks at a time on its southern itself is capable. Because the power of horses deend; that the section occupied by the rail-road will, creases rapidly when their speed is increased, it folwithout interruption from ice, at all seasons of the lows that on a railway, as well as on a canal, their year, transmit the commerce of the valley of the velocity cannot be considerable; and that the adTo the President and Directors of the Baltimore and Ohio Ohio, with that which may accumulate on its shores, vantage of railways, that velocity does not increase Rail Road Company.

BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAIL ROAD.
MEMORIAL

(Continued from p. 254.)

Duration of labour in}
hours,

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10

Maximum velocity in
miles per hour, the 14.7 10.4 8.5 7.3 6.6 6. 5.5 5.2 4.6
horse being unloaded

In the same work, another table shews their power of exertion, when moving at different rates of

to the most eligible port on the Chesapeake, where resistance, is counteracted by the diminution of the the winter rarely presents serious impediments to power of exertion of horses when their speed is inThe Ohio and Erie canal, now in great forward- foreign trade; all doubts must be removed as to the creased. ness, and which will probably be completed in 1830, superior advantages possessed by Baltimore over "Still, owing to the circumstance that railways will traverse the rich and fertile state of Ohio, for her more northern competitor, in relation to this cost less than canals in England, transportation is a distance of 307 miles, and open between Cleave trade. Should the main stem of the Ohio canal be found to be nearly the sanie there by either mode land, on Lake Erie, and Portsmouth, on the Ohio ri- intersected by one opened along the valley of the of conveyanse, even when horse power is employver, all the advantages of intercourse and transpor- Muskingum, it would present an additional tributa-ed. But recently a new propelling power has been tation which are now in use between Buffalo and ry stream to the Baltimore railway: as the com introduced, which, like friction, remains the same Albany. This canal unites with the Ohio about 90 merce of that rich valley would more conveniently whatever may be the velocity: this is the locomotive miles below the mouth of the Great Kanawha: and unite that destined for Baltimore, by descending the engine. After once having set a train of wagons in in its progress down the valley of the Scioto, is at Ohio to the mouth of Kanawha, than by pursuing motion, the engine will continue to act with constant the mouth of Salt creek, within about 45 miles of any other routes to an eastern market. Looking to and undiminished power, and will accelerate the the latter place; and presents, in connection with the great valley of the Scioto, already boasting of speed of the whole train, until it has attained the the route which we recommend for the Baltimore a population of 150,000 souls, with a soil prover- maximum velocity that can be given to the wheels rail-road, a continued line of communication from bially fertile, and destined to reach the highest state by the strokes of the piston. that city to Lake Erie. Whether this connection of improvement, population and wealth, commer- "By increasing, therefore, the velocity of the rim would be most advantageous, by the use of steam cial advantages must present themselves in favour of the wheels by any means whatever, the speed of boats between the mouth of Scioto and Great Ka of the route which we suggest, entitled to great transportation on railways might be increased withnawha, or by extending the rail-road (over ground weight in deciding the location of the railway-out limits, by a propelling steam engine: prudence believed to be very favourable to this species of im- Should the efforts of these enterprising people, alone fixes a limit to the velocity." provement,) forty five miles west of the Ohio, so as realizing their future anticipations of connecting The following table is given in a recent and vato unite the railway and canal at the mouth of Salt the Scioto with the Maumee, by the Auglaise; the luable work, by Thomas Tredgold, to shew the creek, in the valley of Scioto, are questions which Maumee with the Wabash, and the Wabash with length of time that horses are capable of different future examinations will best enable the company the Illinois; a flood of business must be let into the velocities: to decide. By pursuing the Ohio canal to Ports- Ohio canal, and transferred to the Baltimore railmouth, and ascending the Ohio river to the mouth way, which the most sanguine may not anticipate. of Kanawha, the entire distance from the mouth of But receding from the west, let us look at the valley Cayahoga to Baltimore, will not exceed eight hun- of the Ohio river for its probable contributions to dred and ninety miles. By extending the rail-road the trade of Baltimore: although Pennsylvania, by to the mouth of the Salt Creek, the distance will be her canal, may divide the trade between the mouth diminished to eight hundred miles. From the same of Muskingum and Pittsburg, yet the influence of point on Lake Erie, the distance to Buffalo is two her efforts will probably not extend below that point: velocity. The following is an extract from it. hundred miles; by the canal to Albany three hun-looking down the Ohio, Louisville presents itself as dred and sixty-four miles; by the North river to New the probable point from which Orleans and Balti York one hundred and fifty five miles: making the more may respectively claim the trade; the extent entire distance from Cleaveland to New York, of and value of the commerce of this great artery of seven hundred and nineteen miles. When popula the confederacy, may be in some measure estimattion and civilization shall spread over the important ed by the number and tonnage of the vessels to and extended district of country which surrounds which it now gives employment. (G.) the great lakes of the north-west, and their tributa ry rivers: when science and the arts, aided by mercantile capital, shall invigorate the industry, and give directions to the sources of that region, its commerce must be incalculable, and will richly repay any expenditure that provides for it the facilities of interchange at any of the maritime cities. In estimating the portion which Baltimore may secure, by opening the channel of intercourse which is here suggested, we must bear in mind, that in commercial operations, distance is as nothing, ex cept as it affects the time and safety, certainty and cheapness of transportation: and how will stand the question in relation to each of these particulars between New York and Baltimore? The canal of Ohio will furnish transportation equal in each, to that of New York. The railway. when the propelling power is steam, admits of a velocity, limited only by prudence, and which is unattainable by the steam boats, that may be employed in the navigation of the Hudson and Lake Erie: this, we think, is proved by the reasoning of an engineer of high standing, to whose remarks we take the liberty of referring. (F.)

(NOTE F.)

Speed in miles per hour,

Moving force,

23 | 4 |

5

| 166| 125 | 83 | 41.2-S The rapid decrease of the power of horses is evident from these tables, which are entitled to perfect confidence, and agree both with calculations and experience.

(G.)

A list of the Steam Boats employed in the trade of the Ohio
and Mississippi rivers, furnished by Messrs. Forsyth & Co.
Louisville, Kentucky, on the 21st of June, 1827, viz:
Names.
Tonnage. Names.

Extract from a report of C. Crazet, Esq., to the Board of
Public Works of Virginia, dated 1st July, 1826.
"Friction and inertia are, it is well known, the
two great obstacles that engineers or mechanicians Pittsburg,
have to overcome in the application of power. If Pennsylvania,
it was not for the constant resistance opposed by Friendship,
friction, bodies once set in motion on a plane would General Brown,
never stop. A common road counteracts the pull-William Penn,
ing of horses by the considerable friction of the Herald,
wheels.

Lafayette,

"McAdamized roads enable horses to draw hea Bolivar, vier loads, because of their greater smoothness; and Warrior, a road made of iron, offering still less resistance, Mechanic, will of course admit of much heavier loads being General Pike, transported by the same power. The resistance Caravan, opposed by friction varies according to the nature Caledonia, of the substances placed in contact; it is propor- Ohio, tional to the weight moved, and remains the same Highland Laddie, whatever may be the velocity given; in this last pecu- Spartan, liarity consists the advantage of railways. On a Lawrence, canal, on the contrary, the resistance increases, as the Columbia, The expense of transportation between Lake Erie velocity of the boat, and consequently, as I have re- Mexico, and Baltimore, we presume, cannot be greater than marked, in speaking of navigation, a rapid rate of Pioneer, from the same point to New York; the diminished velocity, besides the injury it does to the banks of Patriot, time, combined with equal certainty as to the pe- the canal, will allow of but small weights being car- Helen McGregor, riod of arrival, and safety of the commodities trans- ried on it; whereas on a rail-road, if a power be George Washington, ported, would seem to us, to incline the balance in capable of overcoming the resistance opposed by Pilot, favour of Baltimore; but when it is considered, that friction, it will, without any additional exertion, not Eliza, the New York canal and the Hudson river are only keep the body in motion, but, since friction is Belvidere, closed by ice, about four months in the year; that independent of velocity, it will continue to accele-Cavalier, the Ohio canal will not be interrupted for more than rate the speed, without any other limits than the Courier,

140 Coosa,

Tonnage.

150 Hibernia,
150 Daniel Boone,

270

260

150 Lady of the Lake, 200

200 Washata,

130

140 Philadelphia,

300

120 Tecumseh,

210

150 Tuscumbia,

220

200