* quaries is, whether the wolf now in the conservators' and wolf both fell, and the utter left behind t palace is that of Livy and Dionysius, or that of Cice- marks of her feet. Cicero does not say that the to, or whether it is neither one nor the other. The wolf was consumed; and Dion only mentions that carlier writers differ as much as the moderns: Lucius it fell down, without alluding, as the Abate has Faunus says, that it is the one alluded to by both, made him, to the force of the blow, or the firmness which is impossible, and also by Virgil, which may with which it had been fixed. The whole strength, be. Fulvius Ursinus + calls it the wolf of Dionys- therefore, of the Abate's argument hangs upon the ius, and Marlianus talks of it as the one men- past tense; which, however, may be somewhat di tioned by Cicero. To him Rycquius tremblingly minished by remarking that the phrase only shows assents. Nardini is inclined to suppose it may be that the statue was not then standing in its former one of the many wolves preserved in Ancient Rome; position. Winkelmann has observed, that the but of the two rather bends to the Ciceronian present twins are modern; and it is equally clear statue. Montfaucon¶ mentions it as as a point that there are marks of gilding on the wolf which without doubt. Of the latter writers the decisive might therefore be supposed to make part of the Winkelmann ** proclaims it as having been found ancient group. It is known that the sacred images at the church of Saint Theodore, where, or near of the Capitol were not destroyed when injured by where, was the temple at Romulus, and consequent-time or accident, but were put into certain underly makes it the wolf of Dionysius. His authority ground depositories called farissa. It may be is Lucius Faunus, who, however, only says that it thought possible that the wolf had been so depositwas placed, not found, at the Ficus Ruminalis, by ed, and had been replaced in some conspicuous sit the Comitium, by which he does not seem to allude nation when the Capitol was rebuilt by Vespasian. to the church of Saint Theodore. Rycquius was Rycquins, without mentioning his authority, tells the first to make the mistake, and Winkelmann that it was transferred from the Comitium to the followed Ryequius. Lateran, and thence brought to the Capitol. If it Flaminius Vacca tells quite a different story, and was found near the arch of Severus, it may have says he had heard the wolf with the twins was been one of the images which Orosius + says was found near the arch of Septimius Severus. The thrown down in the Forum by lightning when Ala commentator on Winkelmann is of the same opin-ric took the city. That it is of very high antiqui ion with that learned person, and is incensed at ty the workmanship is a decisive proof; and that Nardini for not having remarked that Cicero, in circumstance induced Winkelmann to believe it the speaking of the wolf struck with lightning in the wolf of Dionysius. The Capitolene wolf, however, Capitol, makes use of the past tense. But, with may have been of the same early date as that at the the Abate's leave, Nardini does not positively assert temple of Romulus. Lactantius asserts that in the statue to be that mentioned by Cicero, and, if his time the Romans worshipped a wolf; and it is he had, the assumption would not perhaps have known that the Lupercalia held out to a very late been so exceedingly indiscreet. The Abate himself period after every other observance of the ancient is obliged to own that there are marks very like the superstition had totally expired. This may account scathing of lightning in the hinder legs of the pres- for the preservation of the ancient image longer ent wolf; and, to get rid of this, adds, that the than the other early symbols of Paganism. wolf seen by Dionysius might have been also struck by lightning, or otherwise injured. It may be permitted, however, to remark, that the wolf was a Roman symbol, but that the wor Let us examine the subject by a reference to the ship of that symbol is an inference drawn by th words of Cicero. The orator in two places seems zeal of Lactantius. The early Christian writers are to particularize the Romulus and the Remus, espe- not to be trusted in the charges which they make cially the first, which his audience remembered against the Pagans. Eusebius accused the Roto have been in the Capitol, as being struck with mans to their faces of worshipping Simon Magus, lightning. In his verses he records that the twins and raising a statue to him in the island of the Ty towards the east: no mention is afterwards made of the wolf. This happened In A. U. C. 689. The Abate Fea, in noticing this passage of Dion (Storia delle Arti, &c., tom. i. pag. 202, note x.) says, Non ostante, aggiunge Dione, che fosse ben fermain (the wolf) by which it is clear the Abate trans hated the Xylandro-Leunclavian version, which puts quamlis stabilita for the original vuevn, a word that does not mean ben fermeta, but only raised, may be distinctly seen from another passage of the same Dion: 'In θη μὲν οὖν ὁ ̓Αγρίππας καὶ τὸν Αύγουστον ἐνταῦθα ἱδρύσαι. μη, Hist. lib. lvi. Dion says that Agrippa "wished to raise a statue of Augustus "In eadem porticu anea lupa, cujus uberibus Romulus ac Remus lactantes inhiant, conspicitur: de hac Cicero et Virgilius semper intellexere. Livius boc signum ab Ædilibus ex pecuniis quibus mulctati essen fœneratores, positum Innuit. Antea in Comitiis ad Ficum Ruminaler, quo loco pueri fuerant ex possi locatum pro certo est." Luc. Fammi de Antiq. Urb. Rom. lib. ii, cap. vii. ap. Sallengre, tom. i. p. 217. In his XVIIth chapter he repeats that the states were there, but not that they were found there. ↑ Ap. Nardini Roma Vetus, lib, v. cap. iv. 1 Marliani Urb. Rom. Topograph. lib. ii. cap. ix. He mentions another wo.f and twins in the Vatican, lib. v. cap. xxi. "Non desint qui hanc ipsam esse putent, quam adpinximus, quæ e comito in Basilicam, Lateranum, cum nonnullis aliis antiquitatum reliquiis, atque hinc in Capitolium postea relata si qurunvis Marlian, as antiquam CapRolinam ezse maluit à Tullio descriptam., ui ut in re ninis dubia, trepide adsentimur." Just. Rycquii de Capit. Roman. Comm. cap. xxiv. pag. 250, edit. Lugd. Bat. 1696. Nardini Roma Vetrs, iib. v. cap. iv. ber. The Romans had probably never heard of such a person before, who came, however, to play a considerable, though scandalous part in the church history, and has left several tokens of his aerial combat with St. Peter at Rome; notwithstanding that an inscription found in this very island of the Tyber showed the Simon Magus of Eusebius to be a certain indigenal god, called Semo Sangus or Fidius. || Even when the worship of the founder of Rome had been abandoned, it was thought expedient to humor the habits of the good matrons of the city by sending them with their sick infants to the church of Saint Theodore, as they had before car • Loc. Faun. Ibid. ↑ See note to stanza lxxx. a Historical Mustrations, Į "Romuli nutrix Lupa honoribus est affecta divinia, et ferrem al animal iraum fuisset, cujus figuram gerit." Lactant, de Falea Religione, dh. 1, cxp. xx. pag. 101, edit. varior, 1660: that is to say, he would rather alere a wod than a prostitute. His commentator has observed that the opinion of Lavt concerning Laurentia being figured in this wolf was not universal. Sree thought so. Rycquius is wrong in saying that Lactantius mentions the will was in the Capitol. To A. D. 496. "Quis credere possit," says Baronius [Ann. Forl tom, viii. p. 602, in. an. 496], "viguisse adhuc Romæ ad Gelasi timport, "Lupa hodieque in capitolinis prostrat ædibus, cum vestigio fulminis quo que fuere ante exordia urbis allata in Italiam Lupercala?" Glas in wran letam narrat Cicero." Diarium Itdie. tom. i. p. 174. Storia delle Arti, &c., lib. iii. cap. iii. i. note 10. Winkelmann has Javie a strange blunder in the note, by saying the Ciceronian wolf was not in the Capitol, and that Dion was wrong in saying so. a letter which occupies four folio pages to Andromachus the scistof, and others, to show that the rites should be given up. Η Eurtius has these words: καὶ ἀνδριάντι παρ' ὑμῖν ὡς θε τετίμηται, ἐν τῷ Τίβερι ποταμῷ μεταξὺ τῶν δύο γεύσεις, * Intesi dire, che l'Ercolo di bronzo, che oggi si trova nella mala diyor inty paphi "Popaï kỳy rabiny. Zípore & Eccles. Hist. lib. ii. cap. xiii. p. 40. Justin Martyr has to the story thre I HE WAS JUSTLY SLAIN. 48. ried them to the temple of Romulus. The practice and willing to abandon both his empire and his m is continued to this day; and the site of the above tress for a sight of the Fountains of the Nile. Such aurch seems to be thereby identified with that of did Julius Cæsar appear to his cotemporaries and to he temple; so that if the wolf had been really those of the subsequent ages, who were the most found there, as Winkelmann says, there would be inclined to deplore and execrate his fatal genius. no doubt of the present statue being that seen by But we must not be so much dazzled with his Dionysius.t But Faunus, in saying that it was surpassing glory, or with his magnanimous, his at the Ficus Ruminalis by the Comitium, is only amiable qualities, as to forget the decision of his talking of its ancient position as recorded by Pliny; impartial countrymen : and even if he had been remarking where it was found, would not have alluded to the church of Saint Theodore, but to a very different place, near which it was then thought the Ficus Ruminalis had been, and also the Comitium; that is, the three columns by the church of Santa Maria Liberatrice, at the corner of the Palatine looking on the Forum. It is, in fact, a mere conjecture where the image was actually dug up, and perhaps, on the whole, nihil percepi, nihil sciri posse dixerunt; angustos omnes pene veteres; qui nihil cognosci the marks of the gilding, and of the lightning, are sensus; imbecillos animos, brevia curricula vita; in a better argument in favor of its being the Cicero-profundo veritatem demersam; opinionibus et instinian wolf than any that can be adduced for the con- tutis omnia teneri; nihil veritati relinqui: deinceps trary opinion. At any rate, it is reasonably selected omnia tenebris circumfusa esse dixerunt." + The for the text of the poem as one of the most inte- eighteen hundred years which have elapsed since resting relics of the ancient city, and is certainly Cicero wrote this have not removed any of the imthe figure, if not the very animal to which Virgil perfections of humanity: and the complaints of the alludes in his beautiful verses: Geminos huic ubera circum Ladere pendenten pateros, et lambere matrem Muicere sitemios, et corpora fingere lingua." | 47. For the Roman's mind Was modell'd in a less terrestrial mould. Stanza xc. lines 3 and 4. What from this barren being do we reap↑ ancient philosophers may, without injustice or affectation, be transcribed in a poem written yesterday. 49. There is a stern round tower of other days. Stanza xcix. line 1. Alluding to the tomb of Cecilia Metella, called Cape di Bove, in the Appian Way. See Historical Illustrations of the IVth Canto of Childe Harold 50. Prophetic of the doom Ὃν οἱ θεοὶ φιλοῦσιν, ἀποθνήσκει νέος. Gnomici, p. 231, edit. 1784. It is possible to be a very great man, and to be still very inferior to Julius Cæsar, the most complete character, so Lord Bacon thought, of all antiquity. Nature seems incapable of such extraordinary combinations as composed his versatile capacity, which was the wonder even of the Romans themselves. The first general-the only triumphant politicianinferior to none in eloquence-comparable to any in the attainments of wisdom, in an age made up of the greatest commanders, statesmen, orators, and philosophers, that ever appeared in the world-an author who composed a perfect specimen of military annals in his travelling carriage at one time in a Behold the Imperial Mount! 'tis thus the mighty falls. untr.versy with Cato, at another writing a treatise Stanza cvii. line 9. on panning, and collecting a set of good sayings- The Palatine is one mass of ruins, particularly on fighting and making love at the same moment, the side towards the Circus Maximus. The very soil is formed of crumbled brick-work. Nothing •is on gli antichi pontefici per toglier la memoria de' giuochi Luper- has been told, nothing can be told, to satisfy the closed in onere di Remolo, lutrodussero l'uso di portarvi Bambini belief of any but a Roman antiquary. See Histor sporas na infermità acculte, acciò ai liberino per l'intercessione di questo ical Illustrations, page 206. dure di continuo aperineata." Rioue xi. Ripa accurata e suc dicta dansur, &, di Roma Moderna dell' Ab. Ridolf, Venuti, 1766. † Mandru, lib. ». cap. 11, convicts Pomponius Lætus crassi erroris, in padang de Brzana) figerer at the church of Saint Theodore: but as Livy mache wu want the Ficus Ramindis, and Dionysius at the temple of Eliged (cap. iv.) to own that the two were close together, as Wative Lasperced cave, shedal, as it were, by the fig-tree. " OF EXUm ficus olhu Raminalia germinabst, sub qua lupa rumam, for mathmar, docente Varrone, mixerata olim Romulus et Remus; non amplo nofie D. Marie Liberatricis appellato ubi forsan inventa no más de esta matua kupe geminos puerulos lactantis, quam holie in capitolio Cai Borricha Antiqua Urtás Roman Facies, cap. x. See also Bench wrote after Nardini in 1687. Ap. Grev. Antiq. Rom. #. p. 14 ↑ Dana, lib. d. cap. 18, gives a medal representing on one side the wolf A fur war ve temibon se that to the Capitof; and in the reverse the wolf with de hem met rented. It of the time of Antoninus Pius. 1 Eu và 1. See Dr. Middleton, in his letter from Rome, who inShes to the Ceronin wolf, but without examining the subject. fabis teach book, Incan shows him sprinkled with the blood of Pharvalla the adsof Crepair, Sanguéne Thessalice cladis perfums adulter wer fading with his mates, he sits up all night to converse with the Spes alt mild certa videndi 51. 52. There is the moral of all human tales: Stanza cviii. lines 1, 2, and 3. The author of the Life of Cicero, speaking of the opinion entertained of Britain by that orator and his cotemporary Romans, has the following eloquent "Sic velut in tuta securi pace tranebant Immediately afterwards, he is fighting again and defending every position. Insiluit Cæsar semper feliciter usus Præcipiti cursu bellorum et tempore rapto." • "Jure casus existimetur," says Soutonius, after a fair estimation of hi character, and making use of a phrase which was a formula in Livy's time "Melium jure casum pronuntiavit, etiam si regui crimine insons fueri.." [lib. iv. cap. 48, and which was continued in the legal judgments pro nounced in Justifiable hom'cides, such as kill'ng housebreakera. See heton in vit. C. J. Casar, with the commentary of Piciacus, p. 194 ↑ Acaden 1, 13. 56. passage: "From their railleries of his kind, on the] barbarity and misery of our island, one cannot help Egeria! sweet creation of some heart reflecting on the surprising fate and revolutions of Which found no mortal resting-place so fan kingdoms; how Rome, once the mistress of the As thine ideal breast. world, the scat of arts, empire, and glory, now lies] Stanza cxv. lines 1, 2, and 3. sunk in sloth, ignorance, and poverty, enslaved to the most cruel as well as the most contemptible of The respectable authority of Flaminius Vacca tyrants, superstition, and religious imposture: would incline us to believe in the claims of the Ege while this remote country, anciently the jest and rian grotto. He assures us that he saw an inscrip contempt of the polite Romans, is become the hap- tion in the pavement, stating that the fountain was py seat of liberty, plenty, and letters; flourishing that of Egeria, dedicated to the nymphs. The inin all the arts and refinements of civil life; yet scription is not there at this day but Montfaucon running perhaps the same course which Rome it- quotes two lines of Ovid from a stone in the Villa self had run before it, from virtuous industry to Giustiniani, which he seems to think had been wealth; from wealth to luxury; from luxury to an brought from the same grotto. impatience of discipline, and corruption of morals; This grotte and valley were formerly frequented till, by a total degeneracy and loss of virtue, being in summer, and particularly the first Sunday in May, grown ripe for destruction, it fall a prey at last to by the modern Romans, who attached a salubrious some hardy oppressor, and, with the loss of liber- quality to the fountain which trickles from an ority, losing everything that is valuable, sinks gradu- fice at the bottom of the vault, and, overflowing the ally again into its original barbarism.' little pools, creeps down the matted grass into the brook below. The brook is the Ovidian Almo, whose name and qualities are lost in the modern Aquataccio. The valley itself is called Valle di Caffarelli, from the dukes of that name who made over their fountain to the Pallavicini, with sixty rubbia of adjoining land. 53. And apostolic statues climb To crush the imperial urn, whose ashes slept sublime. Stanza cx. lines 8 and 9. The column of Trajan is surmounted by St. Peter; that of Aurelius by St. Paul. See Historical Illus-Egerian valley of Juvenal, and the pausing place of rations of the IVth Canto, &c. 54. Still we Trajan's name adore. Stanza cxi. line 9. There can be little doubt that this long dell is the Umbritus, notwithstanding the generality of his commentators have supposed the descent of the sat irist and his friend to have been into the Arician grove, where the nymph met Hippolitus, and where she was more peculiarly worshipped. The step from the Porta Capena to the Alban Trajan was proverbially the best of the Roman hill, fifteen miles distant, would be too consideraprinces; and it would be easier to find a sovereign of Vossius, who makes that gate travel from its ble, unless we were to believe in the wild conjecture uniting exactly the opposite characteristics, than one possessed of all the happy qualities ascribed to present station, where he pretends it was during the this emperor. "When he mounted the throne," reign of the kings, as far as the Arician grove, and says the historian Dion, "he was strong in body, then makes it recede to its old site within the he was vigorous in mind; age had impaired none of shrinking city. The tufo, or pumice, which the his faculties; he was altogether free from envy and poet prefers to marble, is the substance composing from detraction; he honored all the good, and he the bank in which the grotto is sunk. advanced them; and on this account they could not The modern topographers § find in the grotto the be the objects of his fear, or of his hate; he never statue of the nymph and nine niches for the Muses, listened to informers; he gave not way to his anger: is restored to that simplicity which the poet reand a late traveller has discovered that the cave he abstained equally from unfair exactions and un-gretted had been exchanged for injudicious ornajust punishments; he had rather be loved as a man than honored as a sovereign; he was affable with But the headless statue is palpably rather a his people, respectful to the senate, and universally male than a nymph, and has none of the attributes beloved by both; he inspired none with dread but could hardly have stood in six niches; and Juvenal ascribed to it at present visible. the enemies of his country." certainly does not allude to any individual cave.¶ 55 Rienzi, last of Romans. Stanza cxiv. line 5. ment. The nine Muses • "Poco lontano dal detto luogo si scende ad un casaletto, del quien e sono Padrosi li Cafarelli, che con questo nome è chiamato il luogo; vi è una fontana sotto una gran volta antica, che al presente si gode, e li Romani vi vanno l'estate a ricrearsi; nel pavimento di essa foute si legge in un epitaffi The name and exploits of Rienzi must be famil-essere quella la fonte di Egeria, dedicata alle ninfe, è questa dice l'eyatatho iar to the reader of Gibbon. Some details and ined- essere la medesima fonte in cui fu convertita." Memorie, &c., ap. Nardini, ited manuscripts relative to this unhappy hero will pag. 13. He does not give the inscription. be seen in the Illustrations to the IVth Canto. The History of the Life of M. Tullius Cicero, sect. vi. vol. ii. p. 102. The contrast has been reversed in a late extraordinary instance. A gentle man was thrown into prison at Paris; efforts were made for his release. The French minister continued to detain him, under the pretence that he was not an Englishman, but only a Roman. See "Interesting Facts relating to Joachim Murat," pag. 139. "In villa Justiniana extat ingens lapis quadratus solidus in quo sulf≫ hæc duo Ovidii carmina sunt: Egeria est quæ præbet aquas dea grata Camanis Qui lapis videtur ex eodem Egeria fonte, aut ejus vicinia isthuc comportatus." De Magnit. Vet. Rom. ap. Græv, Ant. Rom. tom. iv. p. 1607. 5 Echinard, Descrizione di Roma e dell' agro Romano, corretto dall' Abe "Hujus tantum memoria delatum est, ut, usque ad nostram ætatem Venuti, in Roma, 1750. They believe in the grotto and nymph. Simula nor. aliter in Senatu principibus acclamatur, nisi, FELICIOR. AVGVSTO.ero MELIOR. TRAJANO." Eutrop. Brev. Hist. Rom. lib. viii. cap. v. * Τῷ τε γὰρ σώματι ἔῤῥωτο..... καὶ τῇ ψυχῇ ήκμαζεν, Τις μήθ' ὑπὸ γήρως αμβλύνεσθει......καὶ οὔτ ̓ ἐφθάνει ούτε καθήρει τινὰ, ἀλλὰ καὶ πάνυ πάντας τοὺς ἀγαθοὺς ἐτίμα καὶ ἐμεγάλυνε καὶ διὰ τοῦτο οὔτε ἐφοβεῖτό τινα αὐτῶν, οὔτε ἐμίσει......διαβολαῖς τε ἥκιστα ἐπιστεύε, καὶ ὀργῇ ἥκιστα ἐδουλοῦτο· τῶν τε χρημάτων τῶν αλλωτρίων ἴσα καὶ φόνων τῶν ἀδίκων ἀπείχετο......φιλούμενός τε οὖν ἐπ' αὐτοῖς μᾶλλον ἢ τιμώμενος ἔχαιρε, καὶ τῷ τε δήμῳ μετ' ἐπιείκειας συνεγίνετο, καὶ τῇ χηρουσία σεμνπορεπῶς ὡμίλει· ἀγαπητός μὲν πᾶσι· φοβερὸς δὲ μηδενὶ, πλὴν πολεμίοις ὤν. Hist. Rom. lib. javfli, mp. vi, et vii. tom. i. p. 1123, 1124, edit. Hamb. 1750. di questo fonte, essendovi sculpite le acque a pie di eano," ¶ "Substitit ad veteres arcus, madirtamque Capenam, Nothing can be collected from the satirist but that not thus that our fathers maintained it in the br.l somewhere near the Porta Capena was a spot in iant periods of our history. Prejudice may be which it was supposed Numa held nightly consulta- trusted to guard the outworks for a short space of tions with his nymph, and where there was a grove time while reason slumbers in the citadel; but if and a sacred fountain, and fanes once consecrated the latter sink into a lethargy, the former will to the Muses; and that from this spot there was a quickly erect a standard for herself. Philosophy, descent into the valley of Egeria, where were sev- wisdom and liberty, support each other; he who eral artificial caves. It is clear that the statues of will not reason is a bigot; he who cannot, is a fool; the Mases made no part of the decoration which and he who dares not, is a slave." Preface, p. xiv the satirist thought misplaced in these caves; for he xv. vol. i. 1805. expressly assigns other fanes (delubra) to these divinities above the valley, and moreover tells us that they had been ejected to make room for the Jews. In fact, the little temple, now called that of Bacchus, was formerly thought to belong to the Muses, and Nardini places them in a poplar grove, which was in his time above the valley. 58. Great Nemesis ! We read in Suetonius, that Augustus, from a warning received in a dream, counterfeited, once It is probable, from the inscription and position, a year, the beggar, sitting before the gate of his that the cave now shown may be one of the "arti-palace with his hand hollowed and stretched out for ficial caverus," of which, indeed, there is another a charity. A statue formerly in the Villa Borghese, ittle way higher up the valley, under a tuft of alder and which should be now at Paris, represents the bushes: but a single grotto of Egeria is a mere mod-Emperor in that posture of supplication. The ob eru invention, grafted upon the application of the ject of this self degradation was the appeasement epithet Egerian to these nymphea in general, and of Nemesis, the perpetual attendant on good forwhich might send us to look for the haunts of Numa tune, of whose power the Roman conquerors were apon the banks of the Thames. a'so reminded by certain symbols attached to their Our English Juvenal was not seduced into mis- cars of triumph. The symbols were the whip and translation by his acquaintance with Pope: he care-the crotalo, which were discovered in the Nemesis fully preserves the correct plural "Theuce slowly winding down the vale, we view of the Vatican. The attitude of beggary made the above statue pass for that of Belisarius: and until the criticism of Winkelmannt had rectified the mistake, one fiction was called in to support another The valley abounds with springs, and over It was the same fear of the sudden termination of these springs, which the Muses might haunt from prosperity that made Amasis, king of Egypt, warn their neighboring groves, Egeria presided; hence his friend Polycrates of Samos, that the gods loved she was said to supply them with water; and she those whose lives were checkered with good and was the nymph of the grottos through which the evil fortunes. Nemesis was supposed to lie in wait fountains were taught to flow. particularly for the prudent; that is, for those whose The whole of the monuments in the vicinity of caution rendered them accessible only to mere acci the Egerian valley have received names at will, dents: and her first altar was raised on the banks which have been changed at will. Venuti owns of the Phrygian Esepus by Adrastus, probably the he can see no traces of the temples of Jove, Saturn, prince of that name who killed the son of Croesus Juno, Venus, and Diana, which Nardini found, or by mistake. Hence the goddess was called Adrashoped to find. The mutatorium of Caracalla's cir- tea. us, the temple of Honor and Virtue, the temple of The Roman Nemesis was sacred and august. Bacchus, and, above all, the temple of the god Redi- there was a temple to her in the Palatine under the culus, are the antiquaries' despair. name of Rhamnusia: § so great indeed was the The circus of Caracalla depends on a medal of propensity of the ancients to trust to the revolution that emperor cited by Fulvius Ursinus, of which the of events, and to believe in the divinity of Fortune, reverse shows a circus, supposed, however, by some that in the same Palatine there was a temple to the to represent the Circus Maximus. It gives a very Fortune of the day. This is the last superstition good idea of that place of exercise. The soil has which retains its hold over the human heart; and been but little raised, if we may judge from the from concentrating in one object the credulity so small cellular structure at the end of the Spina, natural to man, has always appeared strongest in which was probably the chapel of the god Comus. those unembarrassed by other articles of belief. This cell is half beneath the soil, as it must have The antiquaries have supposed this goddess to bʊ been in the circus itself, for Dionysius could not synonymous with Fortune and with Fate; ¶ but it be persuaded to believe that this divinity was the was in her vindictive quality that she was worshipRoman Neptune, because his altar was under ped under the name of Nemesis. ground. 57. Yet let us ponder boldly, Stanza cxxvii. line 1. "At all events," says the author of the Academical Questions, "I trust, whatever may be the fate of my own speculations, that philosophy will regain that estimation which it ought to possess. The free and philosophic spirit of our nation has been the theme of admiration to the world. This was the proud distinction of Englishmen, and the luminous source of all their glory. Shall we then forget the many and dignified sentiments of our anrestors, to prate in the language of the mother or the nurse about our good old prejudices? This is not the way to defend the cause of truth. It was ⚫ Sueton. in Vit. Augusti, cap. 91. Casaubon, in the note, refers to Plutarch's Lives of Camillus and Emilius Paulus, and also to his apothegma for the character of this deity. The hollowed hand was reckoned the lan degree of degredation; and when the dead body of the prefect Rufinus wan borne about in triumph by the people, the indignity was increased by putting his hand in that position. Storia delle Arti, &c., lib. xii. cap. iii. tom. ii. p 422. Visconti calls the statue, however, a Cybele. It is given in the Museo Pio-Clement, tom. i. par. 40. The Abate Fea (Spiegazione dei Rami. Storia, &c., tom. iii. p. 513), calls a Chrisippus. Dict. de Bayle, article Adrastea. § It is enumerated by the regionary Victor. Cicero mentions her, de Legib, b, il, PISTORIVS V. C. LEGAT. See Questiones Romanæ, &c., ap, Græv. Antiq. Roinan, tom, v. p. 948. de also Muratori, Nov. Thesaur. Juscrip. Vet. tom. 1. p. 88, 89, where there ar three Latin and one Greek inscription to Nemesis, and others to Fate. * 59. I see before me the Gladiator lie. credibly attached to these games, gave instant or ders to the gladiators to slay him; and Telemachua gained the crown of martyrdom, and the title of Stanza cxl. line 1. saint, which surely has never either before or since Whether the wonderful statue which suggested been awarded for a more noble exploit. Honorius this image be a laquearian gladiator, which, in spite immediately abolished ti e shows, which were never of Winkelmann's criticism has been stoutly main- afterwards revived. The story is told by Theodore † tained, or whether it be a Greek herald, as that and Cassiodorus, and seems worthy of credit notgreat antiquary positively asserted, or whether it withstanding its place in the Roman martyrology. § is to be thought a Spartan or barbarian shield- Besides the torrents of blood which flowed at the bearer, according to the opinion of his Italian edit- funerals, in the amphitheatres, the circus, the forums, or, it must assuredly seem a copy of that master- and other public places, gladiators were introduced piece of Ctesilaus which represented "a wounded at feasts, and tore each other to pieces amidst the man dying who perfectly expressed what there re-supper tables, to the great delight and applause of mained of life in him." Montfaucon || and Maf- the guests. Yet Lipsius permits himself to supfei¶ thought it the identical statue; but that pose the loss of courage, and the evident degenerastatue was of bronze. The gladiator was once in y of mankind, to be nearly connected with the abothe villa Ludovizi, and was bought by Clement XII. lition of these bloody spectacles.|| The right arm is an entire restoration of Michael Angelo.** 60. He, their sire, 61. Here, where the Roman million's blame or praise Butcher'd to make a Roman holiday. Stanza cxli. lines 6 and 7. When one gladiator wounded another, he shout ed, "he has it," "hoc habet," or "habet." The Gladiators were of two kinds, compelled and vol- wounded combatant dropped his weapon, and aduntary; and were supplied from several conditions: vancing to the edge of the arena, supplicated the from slaves sold for that purpose; from culprits; spectators. If he had fought well, the people saved from barbarian captives either taken in war, and, him; if otherwise, or as they happened to be inafter being led in triumph, set apart for the games, clined, they turned down their thumbs, and he was or those seized and condemned as rebels; also from slain. They were occasionally so savage that they free citizens, some fighting for hire (auctorati), were impatient if a combat lasted longer than ordiothers from a depraved ambition: at last even nary without wounds or death. The emperor's knights and senators were exhibited, a disgrace of presence generally saved the vanquished; and it is which the first tyrant was naturally the first in- recorded as an instance of Caracalla's ferocity, that ventor. In the end, dwarfs, and even women, he sent those who supplicated him for life, in a fought; an enormity prohibited by Severus. Of spectacle at Nicomedia, to ask the people; in other these the most to be pitied, undoubtedly, were the words, handed them over to be slain. A similar barbarian captives; and to this species a Christian ceremony is observed at the Spanish bull-fights. writer justly applies the epithet "innocent," The magistrate presides; and after the horsemen to distinguish them from the professional gladiators. and piccadores have fought the bull, the matadore Aurelian and Claudius supplied great numbers of steps forward and bows to him for permission to these unfortunate victims; the one after his tri- kill the animal. If the bull has done his duty by umph, and the other on the pretext of a rebellion.§§ killing two or three horses, or a man, which last is No war, says Lipsius, was ever so destructive to rare, the people interfere with shouts, the ladies the human race as these sports. In spite of the wave their handkerchiefs, and the animal is saved. laws of Constantine and Constans, gladiatorial The wounds and death of the horses are accompa shows survived the old established religion more nied with the loudest acclamations, and many gesthan seventy years; but they owed their final ex-tures of delight, especially from the female portion tinction to the courage of a Christian. In the year of the audience, including those of the gentlest 404, on the kalends of January, they were exhibit-blood. Everything depends on habit. The author ing the shows in the Flavian amphitheatre before of Childe Harold, the writer of this note, and one the usual immense concourse of people. Almachius or two other Englishmen, who have certainly in or Telemachus, an eastern monk, who had travelled other days borne the sight of a pitched battle, were, to Rome intent on his holy purpose, rushed into during the summer of 1899, in the governor's box the midst of the arena, and endeavored to separate at the great amphitheatre of Santa Maria, opposite the combatants. The prætor Alypius, a person in- to Cadiz. The death of one or two horses completely satisfied their curiosity. A gentleman present, observing them shudder and look pale, noBy the Abate Bracel, dissertazione supra un clipeo votivo, &c. Preface, ticed that unusual reception of so delightful a sport pag. 7, who accounts for the cord round the neck, but not for the horn, which it to some young ladies, who stared and smiled, and does not appear the gladiators themselves ever used. Note A, Storia delle continued their applauses as another horse fell ↑ Either Poliloutes, herald of Laius, killed by Etipus; or Cepreas, herald bleeding to the ground. One bull killed three of Earthens, killed by the Athenians when he endeavored to drag the Hera-horses off his own horns. He was saved by acclaBlide from the altar of mercy, and in whose honor they instituted annual Mations, which were redoubled when it was known games, continued to the time of Hadrian; or Anthemocritus, the Athenian he belonged to a priest. Deal, killed by the Megarenses, who never recovered the impiety. See 3teria delle Arti, &e., tom. I. p. 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, lib. ix. cap. ii. Storia, &c., tom. ii. p. 207. Not. (A.) Arti, tom. ii. p. 205. "Vulneratum deficientem fecit in quo possit intelligi quantum restat anima," Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. xxxiv. cap. li. Antiq. tom. ii. par. 2, tab. 155. Race, stat. tab. 64. Mus. Capitol. tom. iii. p. 154, edit. 1755. An Englishman, who can be much pleased with ✦ Julius Cesar, who rose by the fall of the aristocracy, brought Furius goni delle memorie sacre e profane dell' Anfiteatro Flavio, p. 25, edu, 1746, Leptious and A. Catenus upon the arena, 1 Tertulian, certe quidem et innocentes gladiatores in ludem veniunt, et roluptatis pubhee hoste fiant." Just. Lips. Saturn. Sermon. lib. ii. cap. iii. $5 Vopicus, in vit. Aurel, and in vit, Claud. Ibid. Credo imò scio nullum bellum tantam cladem vastitiemque generi bumano intulliage, quam hos ad voluptatem ludos." Tust. I. Ibid. lib. i. p. xi || "Quod? non to Lapsi momentum aliquid halanase conses ul virtutem ? Magnum. Tempora nostra, nosque ipsos videamus. Oppidum ecce unutra alterumve captum, direptum est: tumultus circa nos, nom in nobis : et tames cor.cidimus et turbamur. Ubi robur, ubi tot per annos meditata sapientia studia? ut ille animna qui possit slicere, si fractus illabatur orbis?" && Toit, fib, ii. cap. xxvi. The prototype of Mr. Windham's panegyric os bull-buiting. |