Exercise 91. The component parts of a compound tense are often separated by the intrusion of adverbial adjuncts. Take the following sentences and put with the subject in each the whole of the verb that belongs to it, without the other words. Thus from "We have already heard the news," take "We have heard."

We shall soon reach our destination. The field is already being reaped. The work will very probably be finished before night. We shall in due time know all about it. I had at last with infinite trouble surmounted the difficulty. I shall most likely hear from you to-morrow. I have been all the morning trying to make out this problem. You will by these very simple means stop his proceedings. He is of all enchantingly beloved. He has in the most unfair manner been deprived of his rights.

Exercise 92. Take the following sentences and separate the logical subject in each into the grammatical subject and its adjuncts in the way shown in § 490.

(My) (poor) (little) brother has hurt himself. (My brother John's) pony has broken his leg, (A) man (carrying a great sack of flour) came into the barn. (The) (impudent) fellow (not being satisfied with my alms) began to abuse me. (My poor little brother's) (pet) bird was shot. (This) law, (the disgrace of our statute book) was repealed. (The) house (on the other side of the street) is on fire. (The) (Chubb's) (patent) lock (to my desk) has been picked. (Good) water (for drinking) was scarce. (Despairing of success) he abandoned the undertaking. (Disgusted † by so many acts of baseness) (the man's) friends (all) deserted him.

The old church has fallen into ruins. The brave soldiers of the garrison died at their posts. A rich old uncle left him his property. A horseman, wrapped in a huge cloak, entered the yard. The handle of the pump in the yard is broken. John's account of the affair alarmed me. Which boy knows his lessons? What poet's works please you most? What goods are most in demand? What naughty little boy broke the window?

Exercise 93. Make (or find) a dozen sentences in which the grammatical subject is enlarged (see § 388), and state in each case of what the enlargement consists.

*In the first few sentences the words or groups of words forming separate adjuncts are enclosed in brackets.

The grammatical form of a sentence often lags behind its logical import. Thus, an independent sentence beginning with a demonstrative often occurs where the sense implies grammatical connection, as "I believed, therefore have I spoken." "Therefore' is not a conjunction, but a demonstrative adverb, meaning for that reason.' So participles and participial phrases are (grammatically speaking) attributive adjuncts; and yet they often involve an adverbial force; as here, because he despaired of success,' and because they were disgusted. Adjectives may be used in the same way. 'Afraid of being betrayed into an ambuscade, the leader halted.' Grammatically you can make nothing of 'afraid' but an adjective, though the same notion of because clings to the expression. So in Milton, "His meek aspect, silent, yet spake." Here 'silent' means 'although it was silent,' but grammatically it is nothing more than an adjective. In analysis and parsing grammatical form is the essential thing. The point in question has nothing to do with any 'servile imitation of Latin Grammar,' or any confusion between participles and verbal nouns.

Exercise 94. Separate the following sentences into two groups, one consisting of those in which there is a grammatical object of the predicate verb, the other consisting of those in which there is not a grammatical object. Then take the sentences in the first group and set down separately the object of the verb in each, and the several attributive adjuncts of the object. Thus: John sent to us an amusing account of the proceedings." Object: Account.' Attributive adjuncts of Object:-1. An'; 2. amusing'; 3. 'of the proceedings.'

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My cousin arrived last night. We were greatly amused by his story. He told us a droll story about his brother. Have you read this author's last work? Whom did you see at the concert? The girl is admired by everybody. Everybody admires John's little sister. Thus ended a war * of ten years' duration. This ended that most unpleasant business. Down came the rain. I saw a soldier on horseback.† I met some gipsies in my ramble. The master praised the boy at the top of the class. The man struck the poor little boy on the head. The boys were rewarded for their diligence. My horse fell down in the road. Deep drank Lord Marmion of the wave. On the top of the hill stands a stone cross. We were strenuously advised to turn back. We rapidly turned round in the direction of the report. He sent his hat round to collect contributions. The boys have been forbidden to enter the orchard. They shook the depths of the desert gloom with their hymns of holy cheer. He had the impudence to tell me to hold my tongue.

Exercise 95. Take the sentences in the last three exercises, and write down the several adverbial adjuncts of the predicate in each.

Exercise 96. Give the complete analysis of the following

sentences:

John's account of the affair alarmed me. Every finite verb in a sentence has a subject. My brother Henry told me that. I saw the occurrence through a gap in the wall. That lazy boy did not go out of doors all the morning. Have you heard the news? Have § those little boys finished their Latin exercises during my absence? I desire nothing more ardently. Crying will not help you out of the difficulty. To act thus will displease his father. To do this properly requires time. Who spoke last? Whom did you hear at church this morning? Hoping to find an easier road, we left our companions at the bridge. How did you find your way? He used a stick to support his steps. You say so to tease me. Considering his age he has done pretty well at the examination. Very¶ few men could have done that. How much money will be enough for you? What foolish notion possesses you? A little girl's voice was heard in the garden. A large dog's bark was

* Mind that the subject very often follows the verb.

+ Observe that this phrase does not show where the act of seeing took place. Contrast this sentence with the next.

Look at 370, 4.

In questions the subject is often so placed as to break the predicate (when it is a compound form of the verb) into two parts. To see the construction properly, give the complete answer to the question.

Remember that 'how' is an adverb.

Take care in the analysis not to separate attributive words from the adverbial adjuncts that may be attached to them,

heard in the distance. An empty bird's nest was found. The tall lady's dress was torn. Some ladies' silk dresses were sold by auction. My cousin's return interrupted our game. Here shall be done a deed of dreadful note. We had a purpose to be his purveyor.

He found his brother

lying fast asleep. We have bought a pretty little calf a month old. His wrath may find some worse way to our destruction. What more do you

*

desire? Whom did you find walking in the garden? Whose umbrella did you take? Whose exercise has the fewest faults? The poor man's wife died last night. He fell head foremost into the river. They advanced step by Give me * step. a cup of tea. I return you* my best thanks. "Take thee that too." I told you* all that an hour agot. He died a happy death. This said, he sat. There lay Duncan, his silver skin laced with his golden blood. The poor wren will fight, her young ones in her nest, against the owl. Downward they move, a melancholy band. Conceit, in weakest bodies, strongest works. Forth at your eyes, your spirits wildly peep. Who ever experienced anything like kindness at his hands? Who but a fool would talk like that? What have you done with the money? What arrant nonsense that foolish man talks! Which [horse] of these horses is to be sold? He eats his food like a hog. He was taught Greek (§ 372) by his uncle. 'Teach me thy statutes.' Teach erring man to spurn the rage of gain.' The dead were refused burial (§ 372).

Exercise 97. Take the following pairs of subjects and verbs and build up sentences by putting in objects, where they are wanted, and enlarging the subjects, predicates, and objects, with as many adjuncts, attributive and adverbial, as you can. Thus, from 'Men rob,' you Men of weak character, led astray by temptation, sometimes rob their unsuspecting friends shamefully.'

may make

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Birds build. Ship carries. Boy lost. Loaf was bought. Brother left. Sister came. Children went. Men found. We arrived. Man struck.

Horse threw.

Exercise 98. Make a dozen other sentences in a similar way with subjects and verbs of your own choosing.

Exercise 99. Parse all the words in Exercises 94 and 96.

XLII. Verbs of Incomplete Predication.

Preliminary Lesson.-Nature and construction of Verbs of Incomplete Predication (§§ 391-396). Mode of analysing sentences in which they occur (§§ 493, 498-500).

*Look at 370, 4.

Ago' is a shortened form of agone.' The phrase originally formed a nominative (or objective) absolute.

Look at § 371.

'Like' is here an adverb.

Here 'man' had better be taken as the direct object, 'teach' having the same kind of sense as train or 'instruct.'

Exercise 100. Analyse the following sentences containing Subjective Complements of verbs of Incomplete Predication :—

He

He is insane. They are honest. He is an honest man. He became my friend. He became very rich in a short time. He grew rich suddenly. He was called an enthusiast by his friends. He is not thought a fool. The prisoner was pronounced guilty of homicide. He is my cousin's friend. is considered a pretty good player. We got quite tired. The wine tastes sweet. She looks very pretty. That appears very plausible. He was elected Emperor. He stood silent (see § 391). They entered laughing. The dog ran away howling. He felt tired. The air feels keen. He stood rubbing his eyes. The boys rushed shouting into the playground. I am sure of pleasing you in this. He sat twiddling his thumbs.

Exercise 101. Parse the preceding sentences.

In accordance with § 393 (which see) account for the case of the complement either by saying that the verbs 'be,' 'become,' &c., take the same case after them as before them, or (better) by saying that the complement is in the predicative relation to the subject. (See § 374.)

Exercise 102. The verb to be is a verb of incomplete predication when it is employed in making a compound tense of a verb in either the active or the passive voice, as ‘He is going ;' 'I was saying;' 'He is gone;' 'He was struck.' But when used to form a tense of another verb, it is usually called an Auxiliary Verb. In such cases the compound form denotes the performance, the continuance, or the completion of an action. When the state that is the result of the action is denoted, the participle that follows is merely an adjective of quality. When it is not accompanied by a complement of some sort, to be is a verb of complete predication, or (as it is sometimes called) the verb of existence.' (N.B.— An adverb or adverbial phrase is not a complement.) Point out carefully the various uses of the verb in the following examples :

We are

He is in the parlour. He is going away. Such things have been. The time has been, that when the brains were out, the man would die. ready. I am in doubt about that. The boy was blamed for that. The poor man was starved to death. The children are half starved. He was wounded by an arrow. The poor soldier is badly wounded. I am trying to do it. This delay is trying to our patience. I am delighted to see you. We were delighted by the concert. He is named John. He was called a fool for his pains. Where are you? Where have you been all the morning?

Exercise 103. Analyse the following sentences containing Objective Complements of verbs of incomplete predications (§§ 391, 395) :—

He painted the wall white. He made us all merry. I think him clever. He considers this course expedient. They made Henry king. He called the man a liar. You have made your hands dirty. The jury pronounced the prisoner guilty. We consider him a fine player. We deem this step very imprudent. This measure rendered the plot abortive. I pronounce the wine

excellent. He made the bear dance.*

He made his horse canter.

He set

the audience laughing. Let us pray. Let fall thy blade on vulnerable crests. He bade the man wait. I forbid you to touch that. He ordered the man to wait. He directed the man to wait. He instructed the man to wait. He told the man to wait He asked me to come. They besought us to come to their help. They invited us to come. They urged us to come.†

Exercise 104. Analyse the following sentences, in which the subjective complement is a verb in the infinitive mood ($ 394). Show where the complementary infinitive has itself a complement. These secondary complements, as well as the primary ones, are in the predicative relation to the subject. Do not confound the object of a verb with its complement.

He is believed to have perished. They are supposed to have lost their way. He is thought to have poisoned the man. He is believed to be mad. That step was considered to be very imprudent. He was ordered to sit down. He was bidden to stand aside. This kind of life is not to be endured.

Exercise 105. Parse the preceding sentences.

Exercise 106. Analyse the following sentences containing Infinitive Complements. (See § 396.) Show carefully whether adverbial adjuncts are to be attached to the verb of incomplete predication, or to its complement. (See § 493.)

I can

They can write well. We can sing. They may depart. We must make haste. You shall be rewarded. I will be answered. I inust go home. not hear you. They may take the money. I will return shortly. They shall have a good scolding. That cannot be allowed. Nothing could be more unfortunate. You might have found an easier way. I do so long to see him. Indeed I did not say so. He ought to pay me. He ought not to do this. You ought to be more cautious. That may perhaps be true.

Exercise 107. Analyse the following sentences, carefully distinguishing those cases in which a verb is followed by a complement from those in which it is followed by an adverbial adjunct. See whether the word in question denotes the condition of that which is spoken about, or the manner in which an action is done.

That looks pretty. The bell sounded cracked. He spoke loud. The cry sounded clear and shrill. His voice sounded feebly. His voice sounded feeble. He has travelled far and wide. They have not made the street wide enough. The people wept sore. It grieved me sore. The stones have made my feet

* In parsing an infinitive mood of this sort it must be described as the complement of the verb of incomplete predication, and in the attributive relation to the noun which is the object of the verb.

In many of these constructions, this gerundial infinitive is scarcely distinguishable from an adverbial adjunct expressing purpose. In sentences like "How am I to do it ?" "You are to be quiet," the infinitive is certainly adverbial.

These complements are in reality in the Objective Relation to the verbs of incomplete predication.