*

*

John's coat is seedy. My cousin Henry died last week. A rattling storm came on. I see a man walking in the garden. My brother Tom's pony is lame. A man clothed in a long white robe came up to me. We soon reached the top of the mountain. The prisoner's guilt is manifest. The friends of the prisoner are very rich. Fearing to be caught in the rain, we returned. This is no time for trifling. I saw a house to let further on. Whose hat did you take? I borrowed William's big two-bladed knife. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. A friend in need is a friend indeed. He obtained permission to go, Leave of absence was refused him. Give me now leave to leave thee. His right to the property was disputed. His right to adopt that course was challenged.

XXXIX. Adverbial Adjuncts.

Preliminary Lesson.-Nature and classification of Adverbial Adjuncts. Words and phrases which do the work of Adverbs, by modifying verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. (§§ 370--372.)

Exercise 82. State to what verb, adjective or adverb the adverbial adjuncts in italics in the following sentences are respectively attached :

A. We started early. He spoke eloquently. Do not talk fast. Come quickly. You are extremely kind. He is in an unusually good temper. Where will you find a truer friend? How many persons were there? Why did you go away?

I am

You

(i.e. by (i.e. by

B. Tom struck me with his fist. We were talking about your brother. fond of reading. He came to see me.† I shall be glad to hear the news. are in fault. You are to blame. I am to take you home. You are to return to-morrow. He is worthy of admiration. I have a great deal to say to you. I was given to understand that you had left town. To save time let us walk across the park. He came forth bound hand and foot. Go that way that way). He is not a bit better (i.e. by a bit). He is much much) richer than I am. He will be none (= by nothing) the wiser. none the worse. He is a little better to-day. It is [by] many degrees He is [by] a great deal worse. He is worthy of your love. worth a guinea. He left the very day that (= on which) I came. That is the reason that‡ (= for which) I did it. This is the hour that ‡ (= at which) Madam Sylvia entreated me to call. What (= for what purpose) need we any further witness? Thy image doth appear in the rare semblance that (in which) I loved it first.

I am colder. The book is

*The attributive adjunct consists of the adjective or participle together with all the words and phrases that are attached to it. Thus in the above sentences the attributive adjuncts are walking in the garden,'' clothed in a long white robe," &c. A complex attributive adjunct of this kind may contain a noun which has adjuncts of its own attached to it. Thus 'a,' 'long,' and 'white' are adjuncts of the noun robe.'

+ Select from Exercise 54 all the examples of the Gerundial Infinitive used adverbially. In these examples a noun (or substantive pronoun) in the objective, without a preposition before it, constitutes an Adverbial Adjunct.

Collect all the sentences in Exercise 48 which contain adverbial adjuncts.

C. We went to the theatre last night. It rained all day. I shall see your brother next week. This flower blooms all the year round. It rained every day last week. They walked barefoot. He advanced cap in hand. The wall is fifty feet high.

D. I gave the boy a book on his birthday. I will pay you your account He is like his father. Pass me the salt. Do me the favour of hearing what I have to say. I will paint you a picture.*

soon.

E. The horses being exhausted we could not proceed. The rest must perish, their great leader slain. Six frozen winters spent, return with welcome home from banishment. The battle over, the troops withdrew.

F. I have fought a good fight. He slept an untroubled sleep. We cannot live our lives over again.

He was promised a rocking-horse. I was asked this question. He was forgiven his past offences. We were told our faults. He was paid his bill,

The dead were refused burial.

Exercise 83. Point out the adverbial adjuncts in the following sentences; state of what they consist, and to what verb, adjective or adverb they are attached :—

They arrived yesterday. They will be here to-night. He prayed for a speedy deliverance. I am much displeased with your conduct. He is not like his sister. He accompanied us most of the way. You are to come home directly. He approached me dagger in hand. He built a wall ten feet thick. There is a church a mile distant from the town. You are spending your time to no purpose. I am not disposed to sell the horse. On reaching home we found that the rest had arrived before us. We were all talking of the accident. We live in constant fear. Wait a bit. We had nothing to do. What is the matter with you? He is too ready to take offence. I am content to be silent. We are glad to see you. Why did you say that? Where were you on duty last night? He comes here every day. My pony being lame, I cannot ride to-day. My object having been attained, I am satisfied. To reign is worth ambition. The cloth is worth a guinea a yard. He is a year older than I am.

"Bloodshot his eye, his nostrils spread,

The loose rein dangling from his head,
Housing and saddle bloody red,
Lord Marmion's steed rushed by."

Exercise 84. In the case of the following complex adverbial adjuncts, first point out to what the entire group of words is attached, and then show what words are modified by the subordinate adjuncts which the entire group contains. Thus in, "We were talking about the accident that happened to your brother yesterday," the words 'about the accident that happened to your brother yesterday' constitute an adverbial adjunct to the verb ' were talking'; while to your brother' and 'yesterday' are adjuncts of the verb happened.'

We started very early. He spoke unusually well. Do not talk so fast. Come more quickly, I am fond of riding on horseback.† I shall be glad to

* Add to these examples all those in Exercise 19 which contain an Indirect Object.

† Gerunds may be modified by adverbs as well as any other forms of the verb,

hear of your safe arrival. He escaped by leaping over the ditch. I am fond of going to the theatre. I am looking at the man standing with his back to the window. You should do your best to repair your fault by working harder. He did nothing towards helping me out of my difficulties. We arrived an hour too late. I cannot walk a step further. He was in too much haste to mind what he was about.

Exercise 85. In the following examples show which of the phrases made up of a preposition and a noun do the work of an adjective (see § 362, 4), i.e. are attributive adjuncts, and which do the work of an adverb (see § 370, 2), that is, are adverbial adjuncts; and show to what word each is attached.

He shot a great quantity of game on the moor. What is the use of all this fuss about the matter? I am delighted to see you in good health. We were vexed by his rudeness to you. The advantages of travelling in foreign countries are very great. He is a man of great industry. He accomplished the task by unflagging industry. A man addicted to self-indulgence will not rise to greatness. He is fond of angling. That is a good stream for angling. I am fond of the pastime of angling. I must express my displeasure at your behaviour. You have displeased me by your behaviour. He is not prone to behaviour of this kind. We rely on your promise. Reliance on his promises is useless. Do your duty to him. What is my duty to my neighbour? He adhered to his determination to make the attempt. He is too feeble to make the attempt. He gave him his best wine to drink. The place abounds in good water to drink. Do you see that man on horseback? He has given up riding on horseback. The master praised the boy at the top of the class. He shouted to the boys at the top of his voice.

Exercise 86. Make a dozen sentences in which a preposition followed by a noun or pronoun forms an attributive adjunct, and a dozen in which it forms an adverbial adjunct.

XL. Parsing of Adverbial Adjuncts.

Exercise 87. Nouns occurring in adverbial phrases, and not governed by prepositions, must be parsed as being in the Adverbial Objective Case (i.e., the Objective Case used adverbially), except those in the absolute construction, which must (now) be parsed as being in the nominative absolute. What is called the Cognate Object is really one kind of adverbial objective. (See $$ 370-372.)

Parse the words in italics in the following sentences, carefully distinguishing the adverbial objective from the other uses of that

case :

I will pay you next week. We shall spend next week in London. Papa goes to London every day. He spends every other day in London. He spends the half of every day in bed. We sat up half the night. We have lost half the day. I see him most days. Most days are joyless to me. Every evening we have a rubber. Every evening next week is engaged. We are engaged

every evening next week. We went over dry foot. Come this way. Lead the way. I have told him that twenty times. I cannot count the times that I have told him that. The horses having been harnessed, we started. "The rest must perish, their great leader slain.

Exercise 88. Parse the words in italics in the following sentences :

Either

He will have the expense besides all the trouble. He will have the expense and the trouble besides. Both John and I were present. Both brothers were present. I will both lay me down in peace and sleep. All those present heard it. He sat up all night. All is lost. He is all powerful at court. We have other things to attend to. Others may believe it, but I cannot. You may break him, but you will never bend him. He spoke to all but me. There was but a minute to spare. I would do it but that I am forbidden. There is no one but pities him. Parse but' in the last sentence. road is difficult. I never drink either beer or wine. I do not believe either's account of the matter. He knows something about it, else* he would not look so mysterious. I have nobody else to look to. They gave us trouble enough. ↑ We have not enough to eat. They have bread enough and to spare. He even insulted me to my face. It is an even chance. Nothing can or shall content my soul till I am even'd with him. You are sent for. They sent for you. You must go, for you are sent for. We have wasted half the day. I am half inclined to believe it. I have not told you one half of what was said. It is not that he loves me more, but that he fears me less. Less than that would have been enough. You must spend less money. Give him more air. He would have said more if I had not stopped him. He knows most about the matter. He need not be afraid. He needs strict oversight. His needs will be well supplied. He must needs pass through Samaria. He told me much of what had happened. I am much pleased with you. I have not much time. He left next day. What shall we do next? He sat next me at dinner. Who comes next? He has lost his only son. We have only four shillings left. Do what you please, only be quick about it. All save one perished. It was built some ten years ago. I have somewhat to say unto thee. I feel somewhat indisposed. Be well assured of that. Well, sir, and what did you do What need we any further witness? What shall we What! Did you not get my letter? He wants to know the why and the wherefore of everything. Why! he is as rich as Croesus.

next? I am not well.

need in this business?

Exercise 89. Parse the following sentences, paying special attention to the constructions that are not obviously consistent with the rules:-

The multitude were of one mind (§ 376). He takes the medicine every three hours (§§ 173, 471). It came to pass about an eight days after these sayings. He lived ten years there. He lived a hundred years (§ 362, 2). He bought three score sheep (§§ 362, 2; 55; 54). There were a dozen men there. Some twenty persons were present. The battle was fought on this

It is usually an adverb.

* Else is always a mere adverb. It means either 'besides,' or otherwise.'
+ Enough' may be a substantive, but it is never an adjective.
'Some here is not an adverb.

Some' had better be taken as an adjective, ‘Some men (ie, a certain number of men), namely twenty,'

side* the river. He passed six months aboard the ship. The passengers are all on board the ship. I must see him, and that quickly.† Leave the room this instant. 'Who riseth from a feast with that keen appetite that he sits down (Shaksp. Macb.). Thy image doth appear in the rare semblance that ‡ Full many a flower is born to blush unseen. Commons form the legislature (§ 377).

I loved it first' (id.). king with the Lords and

The

XLI. ANALYSIS OF SENTENCES.

I. Simple Sentences.

Preliminary Lesson.-Nature of a simple sentence.

Difference

between the logical Subject and Predicate, and the grammatical Subject and Predicate.

Exercise § 90. Divide the following sentences into the logical subject, and the logical predicate :—

The child has hurt himself. This naughty child has torn his clothes. The boys came home last night. John's parents have sent him to school. Dismayed at the prospect they beat a retreat. The owner of that estate intends to sell it. My little brother has fallen down. The children, tired with play, came indoors. The friends of that little boy have sent him to sea. A rich old uncle has left him a large estate in Yorkshire. The horse, terrified by the lightning, ran away at full speed.

The construction

Questions may be divided in a similar manner. will sometimes be clearer in the primary division, if the predicate be put first. Thus, "When will your brother return to town?" may be divided. "Pred. When will return to town?' Subj. Your brother.'

Divide the following sentences in a similar way :—

Does your uncle the doctor know of this? Went not my spirit with thee? Whence did the author of that book get his materials? Who in the world told you that? Why did you send the poor man away? How many shillings have you in your purse?

*There is no occasion to supply of.' We have an adverbial phrase assuming the function of a preposition Compare the following sentences, and see § 281, 3.

To parse quickly 'replace that' by the whole of what it stands for.

That,' being here the representative of a relative pronoun governed by a preposition, is

an adverbial adjunct, and must be parsed as being in the Adverbial Objective.

The examples in the following exercises may be taken for practice in parsing as well as in analysis.

If the subject be the interrogative 'who,' it had better come first,