"They advanced sword in hand." "They went over dry foot.” In all such expressions the noun is in the objective case.

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4. A substantive in the objective case, before which some such preposition as to or for might have been put, and which in old English would have been in the dative case; as, Give me (i.e., to me) the book." "I will sing you (i.e., for you) a song." “You are like him (¿.e., like to him).” A noun thus used with a verb is often called the indirect object of the verb.

"He

5. A substantive (accompanied by some attributive
adjunct) in the nominative or objective* absolute; as,
"The sun having risen, we commenced our journey."
being absent, nothing could be done." A substantive clause
may be used absolutely, like a simple substantive, as,
"Granted
this is true, you are still in the wrong."

Participles may be used absolutely in this manner without
having any noun to be attached to (see § 282). In such a

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sentence as Speaking generally, this is the case," the phrase 'speaking generally' is an adverbial adjunct of the predicate. 6. An adverbial clause, as, “I will come when I am ready;" “I would tell you if I could.”

371. What is often termed the cognate accusative (or objective) (as in 'to run a race, to die a happy death') should more properly be classed among the adverbial adjuncts. In Anglo-Saxon the dative was used.

372. It is perhaps under the head of the adverbial relation that we should class such anomalous passive constructions as, "He was taught his lesson." "He was paid his bill."

373. One kind of Adverbial Adjuncts may often be replaced by another.

Thus for "He suffered patiently," we may say "He suffered with patience," and vice versa; for He failed through carelessness" we may say "He failed because he was careless;" for "This being granted, the proof is easy," we may say "If this be granted, the proof is easy.

Subject and Predicate.

374. As both the subject and the verb of a sentence are spoken of the same thing, they must agree with each other in those points which they have in common, that is, in number and person.

375. The subject of a finite verb is put in the nominative

Case.

* The Objective Case (representing the Anglo-Saxon dative) is the proper construction, but now-a-days the nominative is usual. Milton uses both constructions.

376. A noun in the singular number which denotes a multitude (as crowd, senate, army, flock) may have its verb in the plural number, when the idea to be kept in view is not the multitude viewed as one whole, but the individuals of which the multitude is composed. As, "The multitude were of one mind." But we should say, "The army was led into the defile," because we then speak of the army as a whole.

377. The verb is put in the plural number when it has for its subject two or more nouns in the singular coupled by the conjunction and; as, "John and Thomas were walking together." But when the compound subject is considered as forming one whole, the verb is kept in the singular; as, "The mind and spirit remains invincible ;"" Hill and valley rings" (Par. L. ii. 495); "Wherein doth sit the dread and fear of kings" (Shakspere, M. of V.).

378. Every finite verb must have a subject in the nominative case expressed or understood.

379. Such a sentence as, "That is the man whom I heard was ill," is faulty, because the verb was is left without a subject; the relative pronoun, which ought to be the subject, being wrongly put in the objective case. It should be, "That is the man who, I heard, was ill." "I will give this to whomsoever wants it" is faulty in a similar way. Wants must have whosoever for its subject.

380. Every noun, pronoun, or substantive phrase used as a subject ought to have a verb attached to it as predicate.

381. But for the sake of giving greater prominence to the subject, it is sometimes mentioned first, and then repeated by means of a demonstrative pronoun, as "The Lord, He is the God."

382. Also in subordinate clauses with if and when, where a relative pronoun is the subject, there is the difficulty that the relative must come first, and yet the subject must not be separated from the verb by if or when. The older writers in such cases repeated the subject relative in the form of a demonstrative, as "A right noble lord, who had he not sacrificed his life, &c." (Milton); "Lend it rather to thine enemy, who if he break, thou mayst with better face exact the penalty" (Merch. Ven.).

383. The subject of a verb is sometimes understood as, "I have a mind presages me such thrift," for 'which presages,' &c.; "So far as [it] in him lies"; "Do [he] what he will, he cannot make matters worse." The subject of a verb in the imperative mood is usually omitted.

* The preposition with sometimes answers the same purpose, as "Gedaliah, who with his brethren and son were twelve" (1 Chron. xxv. 9).

I

SUBJECT.

384. The subject of a sentence may be—

1. Simple. 2. Compound.

3. Complex.

385. The subject of a sentence is simple when it consists of a single substantive, or a simple infinitive mood; as, "I love To err is human" (See § 349).

truth";

"Men are mortal";

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386. The subject of a sentence is compound when it consists of two or more substantives coupled together by the conjunction and; as, "Cæsar and Pompey were rivals." "You and I will travel together."*

The conjunctions either-or, neither-nor, do not couple substantives together so as to form a compound subject. They imply that one of two alternatives is to be taken. Hence if each subject is singular the verb must be singular. Thus, "Either he or his brother was in fault; "Neither John nor Thomas has arrived."

387. The subject of a sentence is complex when it consists of an infinitive phrase, of a substantive clause, or of a quotation; as, "How to do it is the question"; "That he said so is certain"; "England expects every man to do his duty,' was Nelson's watchword."

A complex subject is very often anticipated by the pleonastic use or the neuter pronoun it, which serves as a temporary substitute for the real subject, the grammatical relation of which to the verb it indicates more concisely. Thus :—“ It is wicked to tell lies ;” “It is certain that he said so."+

Enlarged or Expanded Subject.

388. The subject of a sentence may have attached to it any attributive adjunct or any combination of attributive adjuncts (see § 362), as,

"The man told a lie" (Demonst. Adj.).

* Many grammarians insist that in cases of this kind we are to regard the sentence as a contraction of two co-ordinate sentences joined by and. This explanation might do very well for such a sentence as, John and William are eleven years old"; that is, "John is eleven years old, and William is eleven years old"; but it is simply absurd when applied to such He and I are of the same age ; "Blue and sentences, as "Two and three make five,"

yellow make green."

+ In such sentences, as There was a man of the Pharisees, &c.," there is not the least necessity for regarding there as a temporary substitute for the subject. It is a mere adverb, having its proper (though very weakened) force. It answers to the French y in 'il y a' where the subject is il.

"Good men love virtue" (Adj. of Quality).

"Edward the Black Prince did not succeed his father" (Noun in Apposition).

"John's new coat, which he was wearing for the first time, was torn " (1. Noun in Poss. Case, 2. Adj. of Quality, 3. Adjective Clause).

If the subject is a verb in the infinitive mood, or a gerund, it may be accompanied by objective or adverbial adjuncts, as,

389. The Predicate of a sentence may be

1. Simple. 2. Complex.

SIMPLE PREDICATE.

390. The predicate of a sentence is simple when the notion to be conveyed is expressed by a single finite verb; as, "Virtue flourishes." "Time flies." "I love."

COMPLEX PREDICATE.

391. Many verbs do not make complete sense by themselves, but require some other word to be used with them to make the sense complete. Of this kind are the intransitive verbs be, become, grow, seem, can, do, shall, will, &c., and such transitive verbs, as make, call, deem, think.

To say,

"The horse is," "The light becomes," " I can," or "I think the man," makes no sense. It is requisite to use some other word or phrase (a substantive, an adjective, or a verb in the infinitive) with the verb; as, "The horse is black." "The light becomes dim," "I can write." "It made the man mad." 66 He was made king." Verbs of this kind are called Verbs of incomplete Predication, and the words used with them to make the predication complete may be called the complement of the predicate.

Verbs which are capable of forming simple predicates are often followed by complements, being verbs of incomplete predication so far as the matter in hand is concerned. Thus live is not always and necessarily a verb of incomplete predication, but in the sentence, "He lived happy ever afterwards," the predicate is lived happy, and happy forms a (subjective) complement to lived, which, therefore, is, so far, a verb of incomplete predication. So in "They went along singing," singing is the comple

ment of went.

In "He made a mistake," made is a verb of complete predication; in "He made his father angry," made is a verb of incomplete predication, and requires the (objective) complement angry to make the sense complete.

392. The predicate of a sentence is complex when it consists of a verb of incomplete predication accompanied by its complement.

1. Subjective Complement.

393. When a verb of incomplete predication is intransitive or passive, the complement of the predicate stands in the predicative relation to the subject'; as, "He is prudent." "He became rich." "He is called John." "The wine tastes sour." "He feels sick." This kind of complement may be termed the Subjective Complement.

394. A verb is an attributive word, and an infinitive mood or infinitive phrase is often used instead of an adjective as a subjective complement, as, "He seems to have forgotten me." The infinitive thus used may itself be followed by a complement. Thus, in "He appears to be honest," to be is the complement of appears, and honest the complement of to be.

The complement of the predicate in these cases is spoken of the subject, and must therefore agree with the subject in all that they can have in common. Hence the rule that the verbs be, become, feel, be called, &c., take the same case after them as before them. The objective complement with an active verb becomes the subjective complement of the passive, "He cut the matter short, "The matter was cut short."

as,

2. Objective Complement.

395. When the verb is transitive, and in the active voice, the complement of the predicate stands in the attributive relation to the object of the verb; as, "He dyed the cloth red." "She called the man a liar." This kind of complement may be termed the Objective Complement.*

*

3. Infinitive Complement.

396. The third kind of complement is that which follows such verbs as can, will, must, &c., as “ I can write," "He must go." This may be termed the infinitive complement, or complementary infinitive. The object of the sentence is often attached to the dependent infinitive.

* In such a sentence as "He found the man dead," dead is not the complement of the verb found, because the dead state of the man has nothing to do with the finding. But in He dyed the cloth red," red is the complement of dyed, because the redness is the result of the dyeing.