Principles of Extractive Metallurgy

acid activity coefficient alloy aluminum anions anode atoms blast furnace calculate carbon cathode chemical chemical equilibrium CO₂ coke combustion component composition compounds concentration condensed copper curve decreases denotes density diffusion dissolved electric electrolyte enthalpy entropy equal equation equilibrium constant example expression extractive metallurgy flow free energy function gases Gibbs-Duhem Equation give given graphite H₂ heat capacity heat transfer hydrogen impurities increasing ions iron kcal kilocal leaching liquid magnetite matte melting point metal metallurgical mixture molar mole molten N₁ N₂ nickel obtained oxide oxygen partial pressure percent phase diagram preheated pure Raoult's Law ratio react reactants reduction refractories relative roasting shown in Fig silica silicon sintering SiO2 slag smelting solid solubility solution standard steel stoichiometric sulfide sulfur surface temperature thermodynamics tion transfer coefficient usually vapor velocity volume whereas wustite zero zinc