candidature ib., against the candi-
dature of Blaine ib., campaign of
the Mugwumps and triumph of the
freedom of the individual conscience
in politics 449; progress of the idea
of the independence of the elector's
conscience 454; new method of po-
litical action introduced by the In-
dependents ib., see Leagues, Third
parties; local struggles of the Inde-
pendents in the political sphere of
the States 459, 460-465 (see Rings);
citizen's movements, their incom-
plete independence and their ephem-
eral results 466, 471; attempt at
entire emancipation from the parties
467, campaign in favour of Seth
Low 468-471; weakness of the re-
formers" 471; civic leagues on a
permanent basis for systematic
action, varied types 472; civic fed-
erations 479; co-operation of women
480; independent press ib.; im-
provement in government and awak-
ening of public spirit achieved
through the Independents 481.
Indianopolis, convention of the "Dem-
ocratic national party" in 1896, II
453.

Individualism. The individual in the
State and in the society of the old
English régime I 13, 17; his eman-
cipation 26-46, by the movement of
ideas 26-41, 45, by the industrial
transformation 41, by the legislative
reforms 44, 45, the new means of
locomotion and communication 45,
46; social consequences 46; change
of conceptions and principles of
conduct 48; political consequences,
in the State 50, in local administra-
tion 51, in parliamentary life 54.
Movements of reaction 59-70. Fresh
strength given to individualism by
the growing material prosperity 71,
the Manchester School 72, the phi-|
losophy of J. S. Mill 74-82; in the
ascendant, owing to the absence of
political education 83, to political
apathy and stagnation 85; rational-
ist enthusiasm 86, reinforced by
worldly scepticism 89, lets loose the

spirit of opposition and criticism
89, 90. Political triumph of indi-
vidualism through the Bill of 1867,
99; apprehension of Grote and of
Mill 102; remedy of personal repre-
sentation 104.-- Rôle of the English
Caucus in the effacement of indi-
viduality 585, 589, 595, 620.- Advent
of the individual and of égalitaire
feeling in the United States II 27,
37, 45. Effacement of the citizen's
personality after the Civil War 125,
126. Constitutional barriers for the
protection of the rights of the indi-
vidual 413, 593. Rôle of the English
Caucus in the repression of the
individual and in the diminution
of the citizen 566. Moral isolation
of the individual in American so-
ciety 583. Decline of personality
under the influence of new economic,
religious, and political factors 589.

General view of the triumph of
the autonomous individual and of
the dwindling away of his power
607; diminution of individuality
through the party system 622;
eclipse of the individual by the
multitude 630, by the "majority"
635 (see Cowardice); personality
driven out of public life is made up
for by the machinery of the State
or the automatism of conventional
notions 642. How the new method
of public action will raise the indi-
vidual 659–663. Narrow conception
of the individual by the men of the
18th century and correction supplied
by the principle of "union instead
of unity" 609, 674-681. Political
renovation through the develop
ment of the citizens' conscience, of
individual judgment and of methods
of action founded on individual
responsibility 729; social aspect of
these three individualist factors
731; illusory antagonism between
the individual and society 732;
democracy turns on the individual
conceived as a conscience" 734.
Industrialism. The industrial revo-
lution emancipates the individual

See Machine.

League. Corn Law League I 130; its
attitude towards the parties 133;
"Sound Money League" II 494;
"Anti-Imperialist League" 455.
Free and independent combinations
in view of the presidential elections,
see Independents, "Mugwumps
against the abuses in municipal ad-
ministration: "committees of 70,"
"of 100,"
'citizens' associations"
etc. 461, 463-468; civic leagues on a
permanent basis for systematic
action, varied types 472, civic fed-
erations 479; new political methods
elaborated by them 482; their part
in the purification of political life
603, 689; "league" the method of
action of the future instead of
"party" 689; the system of leagues
and parliamentary life 725.
Lectures as a means of political edu-

cation in England I 399; their
decline and its causes ib. seq.;
organization 405; in the clubs 429;
in the Habitations of the Primrose
League 541; in the lyceums of the
United States II 323.

Leeds, political rival of Birmingham
I 291.

Legislative (the), in the United States,
gets the upper hand of the execu-
tive II 131, see Congress, Separation
of powers, its dependence on the
Machine 394, 416; decline of the
legislative assemblies 529, 542, 547,
550; tendency to restrict their
power 526, 529, 545, 551.- Proposals
for partial renewal of the assemblies
710, for the dismissal of representa-
tives 711. Relations between the
legislative and the executive under
the present parliamentary régime
and the changes proposed 713, see
Parliament.

Legislatures (State) assume the nomi-
nation of candidates II 10; are
deprived of it 34-37; improper inter-
vention in municipal administration
526; restriction of their powers 527,
529; decline 547, 562.

alism I 188, see Whigs; decline of
moderate Liberalism, attacked by
the Caucus 242-249; split brought
on by the Home Rule crisis 287;
radicalization of the party 299;
fresh struggles between the moder-
ate and advanced sections 310, 314;
remedy sought in expedients of
organization 310; crumbling of the
party recommences 315; the New-
castle Programme tends to check it,
but to no purpose, break-up of the
party 320. Hostility of the "Labour
Party" and of the Socialists.
Liberal Unionists excluded from the
Liberal party I 292, 308, 433, 562;
organization 557.

Liberation Society I 564.
Liberty, individual, under the old
English régime I 15, 25; its share
in the formation of contemporary
America II 584; its idealist char-
acter 585; its materialization 586;
penalty paid for material liberty:
short views 579, moral isolation;
could not be affected by the régime
of the Machine 413, 592; imminent
diminution of its vis medicatrix 597.

- Liberty contains the regulating
principle of social relations 683;
material liberty and its admirable
results 728; moral liberty which
remains to be achieved ib., and how
it will determine the future of
democracy 739.

Liberty, Mill on I 75, 81.
"Liberty party " II 104.
Lincoln (Abraham), recommends the
adoption of the conventions system
II 54; criticizes party Organization
for a single issue 105. Share of
wire-pulling in his nomination to
the Presidency 113; he is entangled
in the spoils system 113, 129, leaves
the bestowal of patronage to the
members of Congress; his remarks
on the scramble for office 484, 486;
on the universal character of Ameri-
can liberty 586.

Liverpool, tries to become the centre
of Neo-Toryism I 279.

"Lobby," legislation brokers in the
United States II 182, 547; supplanted
by the boss 196.

Local veto I 320.

Log-rolling I 318, 320, 600; in Congress
II 544, 557.

London, Liberalism loses its hold on
I 222; introduction of the Caucus
ib.; its development 311.

London and Counties Liberal Union,
history I 222, 404 note; efforts to
diffuse political education 223, 399,
404 note.

Lords, agitation of the Caucus against
the House of, 211 note, 235, 318.
Low (Seth), candidate for the mayor-
alty of New York II 469, reforming
mayor of Brooklyn 523, champion
of the "municipal dictator" system
ib. 529.

Lowe (Robert) I 21, 84 note, 98, 110,
495 note, II 732.

Lyceum, lectures at II 323.

Machine of the politicians in the
United States II 129, 371, 422; how
its elements are brought together
and kept together 371; hierarchy of
its staff 372; the work of the leaders
376; "delivery of the delegates'
ib.; inveigling of the electors by the
personal seduction of the leader 377,
429, by places, "pulls," and other
favours 378, by "punishments" of
opponents 380; part played by the
drinking saloons 383; tactics for
winning the respectable electors 384;
candidates chosen by the Machine
ib., "figureheads " 385, "dummies'
386; "deals" of the rival Machines
388; the "harmony" dodge ib., the
virtuous ditto ib.; co-operation of
the press 390. Absolute power over
the candidates 390; industrial ex-
ploitation of the elections 391; de-
pendence of the executive officials
392, of the legislative power 394,
416, of municipal administration
396, 414, of the bench 396; list of the
resources of a State Machine 397
(see Boss, Corporations, Plutocracy).
Limitations of the power of a Ma-

chine 412-422, 592; extent of the
harm done by it in the administra-
tion of the cities 414, in the work of
legislation 416; revolts of the pub-
lic, smashing of the Machine"
418, extent of the power of public
opinion b.; development of the
Machine in different parts of the
country 420; it is gaining ground
423. Why it is tolerated 423; mate-
rial resources: patronage, 66 assess-
ments," contributions of the
companies 424; moral fund formed
by the adhesion of the different ele-
ments of society: "machine ele-
ment 426, masses 428, foreign
element 431, "better element" 433;
real government qualities possessed
by the Machine 438; difficulty of
combating it 439; struggles for
emancipation 441, in the political
sphere, struggles of the Indepen-
dents ib. seq. (see Independents);
struggles for economic and social
reforms 455; local struggles 459 seq.
(see Independents, Leagues, Rings);
efforts at emancipation in the leg-
islative sphere 483, 484, for purify-
ing the civil service 484 seq. (see
Civil Service); for destroying the
electoral monopoly of the Machine
by the Australian Ballot 499 seq.
(see Australian Ballot); for protect-
ing the primaries 509 (see Prima-
ries); for remedying corruption in
the municipalities 520 seq. (see
Municipal government), in the Leg-
islatures 529; for eliminating the
conventions; for changing the elec-
tion system 533.
Machinism, political, Carlyle's apos-
trophe I 64. Substitution of ma-
chinery for individuality 241, II 642.
The English Caucus introduces me-
chanical processes into political life
I 581, 589; tends to set up a govern-
ment by Machine 595, 602; is driven
into it to maintain the classic sys-
tem of parties 602; resistance of the
living forces 612; adverse forces
in the ascendant 618. - Factory
methods of the election campaign in

the United States II 365. Mechani-
cal conceptions of the attempts at
reform 529, 602. - Personality driven
out of public life is replaced by
mechanism 642; "mechanical
government and "personal" gov-
ernment 643, 736.

Madison, President II 15, 16, 17 note;
155.

Maine (H. Sumner) II 633, 674, 736.
Majority. Conventional notion II 566;
fetish-worship 635. Omnipotence of
majorities, see Guizot, Hare, Mill,
Tocqueville, Minority representa-
tion, Personal representation;
remedy offered by the new method
of grouping the electors 662. Parlia-
mentary majorities, see Parliament.
Manchester, National Reform Union
217; see Manchester School.
Manchester School I, 72, 91.
Mann (Tom) I 573.

Manners and institutions I 580, II 685,
700.

Marcy and the division of the spoils II
50, 83.

Martineau (Harriet) I 43 note, 133
note, II 70 note,

Masses, their rôle in the associations
of the English Caucus I 345; stand-
ard of their political intelligence ib.
387, 400-404; hierarchical spirit 613.
- Their relations with the Machine
in the United States II 378, 428;
morality and intelligence 430; are
willing to be enlightened ib. 660; in
the meanwhile complicate the demo-
cratic problem.

Materialism, American II 577 seq.
Maurice (Fr. D.) I 67.
May (Erskine) I 129.

McKinley, President, nominated for

484 note; checks civil service reform
495.

McMaster (J. B.) I 124, II 6, 7.
Meetings, public, in England I 383-
399, principal means of action of the
Caucus 383; how the speakers are
provided 385; character of their
eloquence 386; educational value
390; songs 392, open-air meetings
395; demonstrations 397; meetings
in country districts 398; meetings at
election time 464. "Social meet-
ings," concerts etc. 436, 588, means
of electoral corruption 438, 478, or-
ganized by the Primrose League 440,,
542, by Liberal women 554. - Elec-
tion meetings in the United States II
308; their elaborate organization
309; how the speakers are provided
308; character of their eloquence 310
(see Stump, Eloquence); workshop
and street speakers 316; debates in
which both sides are heard very
rare ib., propagandist value of the
meetings 318. "Mass meetings,"
"ratification meetings" 332; “ral-
lies" 334; recreational gatherings
335. M.P.'s see Representatives.
Methodism, its share in the emanci-
pation of the individual I 26.
Methods, political, introduced by the
Caucus, see Caucus, Sentiment in
politics, new methods of free co-
operation elaborated in the struggles
against the corruption of the parties
II 445, 454, 461, 480, 482, 603.
method of special combinations for
limited objects explained and justi-
fied 658 seq., see Parties. "Union
instead of unity."- Importance of
political methods 601, 730; inade-
quate of themselves 482, 733; the
old methods 730; the methods more
suited to democracy 731; social as-
pect 733.
Middle class, English, subordinate po-
sition before the Reform Bill I 8;
gains importance through the out-
burst of industry 42; shirks its pub-
lic duties 53, 85. Tory middle class
in the large towns 267. Part played
by the middle class in the associa-

The