Abstentionism, political, of the Eng-

lish middle class 1 53, 85, 622; of the
élite of American society II 70, 78,
600; abstention from voting in the
United States 362. See Better ele-
ment.

Adams (Ch. Francis) II 443, 444, 449.
Adams (John) II 4, 7, 13, 14.

Adams (John Quincy) II 40, 45, 51
note, 76.

Adams (Samuel) II 5, 32.
Administration, local, see Self-gov-

ernment.

Americans, temperament II 310, 360,
385; intelligence and character 327,
583; optimism 437, 579; mercantile
and conservative spirit 569, 577, 592;
speculative tendencies 327, 579; gen-
erosity 578; short views 579; ideal-
ism 581; patriotism ib.; moral isola-
tion of the individual 588; influence
of the Caucus on the American mind
and character 567, 569.
Ancien régime, in England I6 seq.; its
break-up 50 seq.

Apathy, political, favourable to the
"philosophers and theorists" I 86.
See Abstentionism, Better element,
Middle class, Public spirit.
Aristocracy, English, its political rôle
under the old régime I 6, 20, 135;
attacked by the newly risen middle
class 43. See Social classes.
Aristotle, obsolete division of forms
of government II 643.
"Assessments" levied on office-hold-
ers II 143, 157, 351, 425; effects of
the system 148, 149; intervention of
Grant and of Hayes 145, 489, of the
federal law of 1883 on the civil ser-
vice 146, of the laws of the States 351;
intention of the authors of the Aus-
tralian Ballot 500, it is defeated 502.

the economic sphere, Christian So-
cialists I 67; in the political sphere,
limited power and conditions of
efficiency II 620, ensured by the
new method of grouping the electors
659; association according to the
Contrat Social, Rousseau's doctrines
examined and rectified 674-681; see
Union instead of unity.- Origins
of political associations in England
I 117 seq. Character and rôle of the
old extra-constitutional organiza-
tions 132. Associations of the Caucus
in England 329-501, see Caucus, Or-
ganization of the English parties.—
First American political organiza-
tions II3 seq.; present associations
of the parties, see Party organization
in the United States, Caucus.
Atomism, social, under the old Eng-
lish régime I 17, 18, after the ad-
vent of industrialism 46-49; de-
nounced by "Young England" 61,
by Carlyle 64, by the Christian So-
cialists 67. Association on a uni-
versal basis leads back to social
atomism II 621. Democracy is far
from "reducing society to atoms
673.
Australian Ballot, ensures secrecy of
the vote II 346, 349, 502, introduces
official voting-papers, and the regu-
lation of candidatures 501; far-
reaching aims of the authors of the
reform 500, results 502, diminution
of the liberty of candidatures ib.,
and of the independence of the elec-
tors' vote, 503, legal recognition of
the parties 507.
Availability, sole criterion of candi-
dates for the American Presidency
II 87 274, as well as for the lower
offices 241, 560.

Bagehot I 607, 614, II 561, 722.
Ballot in England, the conquest of I
102; entails an electoral organiza-
tion 159, 172; is nullified by the can-
vass 458, 463; does not put an end
to corruption 469. See Australian
Ballot.

Barbecues, political picnics, II 335.
Beaconsfield, see Disraeli.
Bentham, philosophy of I 33-38. His
principle of interest compared with
that of individual responsibility on
the theory of the power of social in-
timidation II 752-754.
Benton, in favour of Jackson on the
"demos krateo principle" II 45;
attacks the convention system 86,
90, 91; criticises the organization
of parties for a single issue 105; on
the mistakes of Tocqueville 438
note; against the "general ticket"

537.

Better element, in England I 619; in
the United States, its abstention is
the main factor in the domination
of the Machine II 433; causes of this
abdication 433-438, 470, 626; signs
of improvement 600. Problem of
democracy complicated by the atti-
tude of the better element 732. See
Middle class.

Betting, about elections, in England I

477, in the United States II 338.
Bi-partisan system in appointment to
offices II 508.

Birmingham, centre of reform agita-
tion I 127, of opposition to the rep-
resentation of minorities 161, 163,
of advanced Radicals 164, of munici-
pal reforms 165; special social con-
ditions 166; inauguration of the
Caucus system 161; organization
and career of the Liberal Associa-
tion 161-171; relentless struggle
with the Conservatives 169; results
of the introduction of politics into
municipal affairs 169, 171, 487, 491;
propaganda of the "Birmingham
plan in the country 171; confer-
ence for founding a federation of
Liberal associations 174. Absorbing
political influence of Birmingham

225, arouses susceptibilities and
jealousies 290. The Birmingham
Conservatives copy the Caucus 266.
Blaine, candidate for the Presidency
II 447, 448.

66

Bolting," in the primaries II 219,
239, at the elections 354; bolt of the
Republicans in 1884, "divine right
of bolting" 448; bolt of the Gold
Democrats in 1896, 452.

Boodle aldermen in the United States
II 179.

Boom, of presidential candidates II
253, 268.

Boss. History: origin of the term II
191; evolution of the function 190;
city boss 192; State boss, his position
as regards the executive and in the
Senate 193; faint attempt at bossism
in the federal government 195; tool
of plutocracy 195, 594; evolution of
the boss as wholesale dealer in po-
litical influence 195, 576; he reduces
politics to a business 197; bossism
accentuates the moral decomposi-
tion of the parties 197, 203. - Origin
and career of the boss 401; psychol-
ogy of 403; his popularity 406; his
occult and irresponsible power 408,
417; his moral and material profits
408; feudal relations with his lieu-
tenants 373, 410; intrigues and re-
volts of the vassals 411; limitations
of the great power of the boss 412,
592; realization of the system of
"enlightened despotism" 417; re-
volts of public opinion inevitable
418, 439, despotism tempered by
assassination" 418, see Machine; the
boss as dispenser of patronage 424.
Boutmy (E.) II 585.
Bowles (Sam.) II 583.

Boys" in the party Machine II 372.
Bradford (Gamaliel) II 538.
Bradford (the town of), struggle of
its Caucus with Forster I 195-201,
228-230.

Bribery and corruption, in England
under the old régime I 20, 136, 468,
483; after the Reform Bill 469; share
of the Caucus in ib.; Corrupt Prac-
tices Act of 1883, 472, paralyzed to

--

some extent by the interposition of
the Associations ib., as regards the
limitation of election expenditure
474, and the suppression of corrupt
practices 476; collective "treating"
438, 478, 589; other modes of dis-
guised corruption 482; at municipal
elections 484, 492. In the United
States, in the primaries II 219, 224,
in the conventions 235, at the na-
tional convention 255; in the elec-
tions 343-350, 431, 568; laws against
347, 507, see Australian Ballot 500,
502; election expenditure; corrup-
tion of the electoral boards 348.
Bright (John), on parliamentary re-
form I 91, 101, 580; opposes the
minority clause 110-112; leads the
opposition to the Corn Laws 131;
approves of the independent Liberal
organization of Manchester 218;
parts from the Gladstonian Liberals
293; denounces the intolerance of
the clubs and associations of the
party ib.; his political temperament
112; his eloquence 389.
Brougham (Lord) and the political

education of the masses 184 notes.
Bryce (James) I 43 note, II 239, 412
notes; on the "fatalism of the mul-
titude" 567, 631.

Buchanan (President of the United

States) II 83, 91, 108, 109, 143, 582.
Buncombe II 313.

Burke I 121, II 652, 716, 736 note.
Burr (Aaron), great electoral wire-
puller and his school II 42, 126,
153.

Burt (Thomas) I 586 note.

Cabinet I 205 note; cabinet system,
see Parliament.

Caesarism, its prospects in the United
States II 593.

Cairns (Lord) I 111.

Calhoun, denounces the political in-
difference of American society II
70; protests against the principle
of rotation in office 82; criticises
the convention system 88.
Cameron and Lincoln II 114.
Candidates. Choice of, in Parliament

under the old régime I 19-20, after
the Reform Bill 148, 151; under the
"Birmingham plan" 194; tyran-
nical pretensions of the Caucus 194-
203; present methods of choosing
candidates 337, 442-451, 475, 506,
524, 572; the "good candidate
442; importance of the Caucus in-
vestiture 448, 603; poor chances of
independent candidates 449, 460,
487; puffing the "adopted candi-
date" before the electoral period
451, 479, after the approach of the
election 453, by means of the can-
vass 454, of the stump 464, of politi-
cal advertising 467, of bribery 468;
candidatures at municipal elections,
under the old régime 483, under the
Caucus 331, 485 seq.
Varied
methods of choosing candidates in
the United States in the first years
II 7; by the legislative Caucuses
10, by the congressional Caucus 13;
by conventions of delegates, see
Conventions; in the slave-holding
South 118. Disappearance of inde-
pendent candidatures and monopoly
of the party Organization 69, 147;
"availability becomes the first
qualification of a candidate for the
Presidency 87; manœuvres of the
national conventions to the detri-
ment of Clay 71, 90, of Van Buren
85, of Seward 113. Present system:
choice of the candidates directly by
the primaries 207, 223; by their
delegates to the conventions 226;
depends on the primaries in any
event 223; character of the candi-
dates chosen 237; causes which com-
bine to keep away superior men
239; qualifications of an "avail-
able" candidate 241; American
candidate compared with English
240-243. Presidential candidates
250, see "Dark horse," Favour-
ites," "Favourite sons"; intrigues
and "deals" 254. Contributions
of candidates to the party funds
147, 351, 425. The candidates of
the Machine 384-389; its absolute
power over the candidatures 390.

44

Attempt at emancipation at the
New York municipal election of
1897, 467. Recommendation of can-
didates by private associations and
civic leagues 475. Attempt to de-
stroy the influence of the Machine
by means of the Australian Ballot
500, the system of regulation intro-
duced by it 501, blow dealt by it at
independent candidatures 502, 506.
Plans of direct nomination of the
party candidates 530, "free nomi-
nations" 532, by primaries and re-
formed conventions 533. Plan of
nomination of candidates in pre-
liminary polls 614, 692, resting on
the system of "leagues" 694, and
combined with the preferential vote
709.

Canvass, electoral, under the old Eng-
lish régime I 153, 589; after the crea-
tion of registration associations 155;
under the present régime 454-464;
governs the whole electoral situa-
tion 460; effect on public manners
462; channel of electoral corrup-
tion, 463, 477; share of women in
462, 532, 533, 554. In the United
States II 340; part taken by the
candidate 341; pressure by employ-
ers of labour 342. Electoral regis-
tration canvass in England I 375,
456, 474; share of women politicians
in 540, 555.

Carlyle, against the new society sprung

"

from Benthamism and industrialism
I 64; his ideal of despotism 65, II
770.

'Carpet-bagger" I448, 590, II 119, 123.
Caucus. Origin of the term I 120,
182, II 3. History of the English
Caucus: introduced at Birmingham
I 161, propagated in other places 171,
183; part played by the Caucus as-
sociations in the anti-Turkish agita-
tion 173, 192; creation of a federation
of Liberal associations 174, inaugu-
ration by Gladstone 178. Struggle
against the old system of organiza-
tion and against the old Liberalism
184; inadequacy of leadership in
the Caucus 193; sectarian and in-

tolerant spirit 194, 244. Pretensions
of the Caucus in regard to the
choice of candidates 194, 203; the
case of Forster at Bradford 195.
Controversy on the subject of the
Caucus 182, 201, II 648. Victory of
the Caucus at the elections of 1880
and its consequences I 204. Pressure
of the Caucus on the government,
on Parliament, and on public opinion
208-217. Retreat of the counter-
currents represented by the other
Liberal organizations 217-225, old
method and new method 221, 223.
The Caucus insists upon the subor-
dination of the M.P.'s 227; re-
newed conflict with Forster 228,
with Joseph Cowen at Newcastle
231. The Caucus eclipses classic
Radicalism 240, moderate Liberal-
ism 242. Crisis brought on by Irish
Home Rule 289; the Caucus deserts
Chamberlain 291; excludes the dis-
sentient Liberals from the party 292,
308; wages war on political indepen-
dence 293; issues strengthened from
the crisis 295; transfers its head-
quarters to London 298; close rela-
tions with the official leaders 300,
diminish its popular character and
the independence of its action 302;
warp the respective rôles of the
parliamentary leaders and of public
opinion 303-307, tend to immobilize
the party 306, enforce a blind con-
formism 307, exasperate party in-
tolerance ib., definitive expulsion
of the dissentients 308; provokes
the hostility of advanced Radicalism
310, 513, of the "labour party" 312,
of the new Liberalism" 314; tries
to stop division by expedients of
organization 310; offers the diver-
gent fractions the Newcastle pro-
gramme 316; tries to maintain unity
in the party by the agitation against
the House of Lords 319; leads it
finally to disaster 320.- Machinery
of the Caucus and its working 329;
local organization, the associations
329-344, concentration of power,
oligarchical tendencies 337; social

composition 344-347; intellectual
standard and temperament 348-352;
effacement of the deliberative char-
acter 351; inner motor: sentimental
devotion to the party 353, assidu-
ously cultivated by the Caucus ib.;
gratifications of amour-propre 354;
material profit 357; discipline 359;
organization in the counties 362-
370 (see Counties). The action of
the Caucus 371-441: electoral regis-
tration 375-382; intellectual prop-
aganda 382-409, meetings 383,
lectures 399, "missionaries" 405,
"political literature" 406; propa-
ganda combined with the pleasures
of sociability 420, 435-441; rôle in
electoral corruption 206, 469-482;
introduction of politics into local
elections at Birmingham 169, 177,
and elsewhere 483, 484-493. Rela-
tions of the associations with the
M.P.'s 493-501. Central organiza-
tion of the Liberal party 502; its
machinery 502 seq., 512; pecuniary
resources 508, 616; management
of the local associations 505; share
in the choice of candidates 506;
management of the party, annual
meetings of the delegates 509; rôle
of the "official leaders" of the
party 511; action of the central
organization on public opinion
514-521; its real influence 522. Con-
servative central organization 523-
529 (see Conservative organization,
National Union of Conservative
Associations). Auxiliary and rival
organizations 530-579 (see Clubs,
Women, I.L.P.).—General view on
the rôle of the Caucus 580, from the
standpoint of the democratization
of English political society 580, of
the elevation of the public spirit of
the masses 584, 595, of the methods
employed 588, of the character of
the leadership 590, of the represen-
tation of public opinion 596, of the
working of the party system ib.,
of the working of parliamentary
government 605; resistance of the
living forces of society 612; de-

cline of those forces 618.- In the
United States. Origins II 3; private
caucuses of leaders doing duty for
party Organization 7; public cau-
cuses 9; the legislative Caucus in
the States creates a framework of
regular organization 10, it declines
and disappears 34-37; mixed caucus
35; mixed convention ib.; congres-
sional Caucus 13, introduces the
dogma of regular candidatures 17;
nullifies the constitutional function
of the Electoral College ib.; sources
of its authority ib.; the general
ticket system 19; struggle against
it 22; violent campaign against the
congressional Caucus 28; fiasco of
its meeting in 1824, 30; great debate
in the Senate 31; fall of the Caucus
and verdict on it 33. Local organi-
zation created by Van Buren and
the methods of New York general-
ized in the Union 41-45,49. "To
the victor the spoils" 50. Estab-
lishment of the convention system
39-79, see Conventions of delegates;
the party Organization monopolized
by the politicians, office-holders,
and the office-seekers 67; divorce
of society from politics 70; the
national conventions run by poli-
ticians with a view to the spoils 71,
84; evolution of the system 80; the
chief magistracy passes to men of
an inferior type 90; the power of
the party Organization increased by
the growing horde of professional
politicians 94, by the ductile mass of
immigrants ib., and by the fear in-
spired by the slavery problem 96;
efforts of the Organization to make
away with this problem and prevent
the recasting of parties 98-104, 108-
110; monopoly of political organiza-
tion assumed by the regular parties
and prejudice against single issue
parties 104; final failure of the
Organization 107, 110; its oppor-
tunism leads to the Civil War 110;
the system of party Organization
during the Civil War 112; invades
the South after the war 115; takes