Absenteeism, urban, in England I 618. | Association, as sovereign remedy in
Abstentionism, political, of the Eng-
lish middle class 1 53, 85, 622; of the élite of American society II 70, 78, 600; abstention from voting in the United States 362. See Better ele- ment.
Adams (Ch. Francis) II 443, 444, 449. Adams (John) II 4, 7, 13, 14.
Adams (John Quincy) II 40, 45, 51 note, 76.
Adams (Samuel) II 5, 32. Administration, local, see Self-gov-
Americans, temperament II 310, 360, 385; intelligence and character 327, 583; optimism 437, 579; mercantile and conservative spirit 569, 577, 592; speculative tendencies 327, 579; gen- erosity 578; short views 579; ideal- ism 581; patriotism ib.; moral isola- tion of the individual 588; influence of the Caucus on the American mind and character 567, 569. Ancien régime, in England I6 seq.; its break-up 50 seq.
Apathy, political, favourable to the "philosophers and theorists" I 86. See Abstentionism, Better element, Middle class, Public spirit. Aristocracy, English, its political rôle under the old régime I 6, 20, 135; attacked by the newly risen middle class 43. See Social classes. Aristotle, obsolete division of forms of government II 643. "Assessments" levied on office-hold- ers II 143, 157, 351, 425; effects of the system 148, 149; intervention of Grant and of Hayes 145, 489, of the federal law of 1883 on the civil ser- vice 146, of the laws of the States 351; intention of the authors of the Aus- tralian Ballot 500, it is defeated 502.
the economic sphere, Christian So- cialists I 67; in the political sphere, limited power and conditions of efficiency II 620, ensured by the new method of grouping the electors 659; association according to the Contrat Social, Rousseau's doctrines examined and rectified 674-681; see Union instead of unity.- Origins of political associations in England I 117 seq. Character and rôle of the old extra-constitutional organiza- tions 132. Associations of the Caucus in England 329-501, see Caucus, Or- ganization of the English parties.— First American political organiza- tions II3 seq.; present associations of the parties, see Party organization in the United States, Caucus. Atomism, social, under the old Eng- lish régime I 17, 18, after the ad- vent of industrialism 46-49; de- nounced by "Young England" 61, by Carlyle 64, by the Christian So- cialists 67. Association on a uni- versal basis leads back to social atomism II 621. Democracy is far from "reducing society to atoms 673. Australian Ballot, ensures secrecy of the vote II 346, 349, 502, introduces official voting-papers, and the regu- lation of candidatures 501; far- reaching aims of the authors of the reform 500, results 502, diminution of the liberty of candidatures ib., and of the independence of the elec- tors' vote, 503, legal recognition of the parties 507. Availability, sole criterion of candi- dates for the American Presidency II 87 274, as well as for the lower offices 241, 560.
Bagehot I 607, 614, II 561, 722. Ballot in England, the conquest of I 102; entails an electoral organiza- tion 159, 172; is nullified by the can- vass 458, 463; does not put an end to corruption 469. See Australian Ballot.
Barbecues, political picnics, II 335. Beaconsfield, see Disraeli. Bentham, philosophy of I 33-38. His principle of interest compared with that of individual responsibility on the theory of the power of social in- timidation II 752-754. Benton, in favour of Jackson on the "demos krateo principle" II 45; attacks the convention system 86, 90, 91; criticises the organization of parties for a single issue 105; on the mistakes of Tocqueville 438 note; against the "general ticket"
Better element, in England I 619; in the United States, its abstention is the main factor in the domination of the Machine II 433; causes of this abdication 433-438, 470, 626; signs of improvement 600. Problem of democracy complicated by the atti- tude of the better element 732. See Middle class.
Betting, about elections, in England I
477, in the United States II 338. Bi-partisan system in appointment to offices II 508.
Birmingham, centre of reform agita- tion I 127, of opposition to the rep- resentation of minorities 161, 163, of advanced Radicals 164, of munici- pal reforms 165; special social con- ditions 166; inauguration of the Caucus system 161; organization and career of the Liberal Associa- tion 161-171; relentless struggle with the Conservatives 169; results of the introduction of politics into municipal affairs 169, 171, 487, 491; propaganda of the "Birmingham plan in the country 171; confer- ence for founding a federation of Liberal associations 174. Absorbing political influence of Birmingham
225, arouses susceptibilities and jealousies 290. The Birmingham Conservatives copy the Caucus 266. Blaine, candidate for the Presidency II 447, 448.
Bolting," in the primaries II 219, 239, at the elections 354; bolt of the Republicans in 1884, "divine right of bolting" 448; bolt of the Gold Democrats in 1896, 452.
Boodle aldermen in the United States II 179.
Boom, of presidential candidates II 253, 268.
Boss. History: origin of the term II 191; evolution of the function 190; city boss 192; State boss, his position as regards the executive and in the Senate 193; faint attempt at bossism in the federal government 195; tool of plutocracy 195, 594; evolution of the boss as wholesale dealer in po- litical influence 195, 576; he reduces politics to a business 197; bossism accentuates the moral decomposi- tion of the parties 197, 203. - Origin and career of the boss 401; psychol- ogy of 403; his popularity 406; his occult and irresponsible power 408, 417; his moral and material profits 408; feudal relations with his lieu- tenants 373, 410; intrigues and re- volts of the vassals 411; limitations of the great power of the boss 412, 592; realization of the system of "enlightened despotism" 417; re- volts of public opinion inevitable 418, 439, despotism tempered by assassination" 418, see Machine; the boss as dispenser of patronage 424. Boutmy (E.) II 585. Bowles (Sam.) II 583.
Boys" in the party Machine II 372. Bradford (Gamaliel) II 538. Bradford (the town of), struggle of its Caucus with Forster I 195-201, 228-230.
Bribery and corruption, in England under the old régime I 20, 136, 468, 483; after the Reform Bill 469; share of the Caucus in ib.; Corrupt Prac- tices Act of 1883, 472, paralyzed to
some extent by the interposition of the Associations ib., as regards the limitation of election expenditure 474, and the suppression of corrupt practices 476; collective "treating" 438, 478, 589; other modes of dis- guised corruption 482; at municipal elections 484, 492. In the United States, in the primaries II 219, 224, in the conventions 235, at the na- tional convention 255; in the elec- tions 343-350, 431, 568; laws against 347, 507, see Australian Ballot 500, 502; election expenditure; corrup- tion of the electoral boards 348. Bright (John), on parliamentary re- form I 91, 101, 580; opposes the minority clause 110-112; leads the opposition to the Corn Laws 131; approves of the independent Liberal organization of Manchester 218; parts from the Gladstonian Liberals 293; denounces the intolerance of the clubs and associations of the party ib.; his political temperament 112; his eloquence 389. Brougham (Lord) and the political
education of the masses 184 notes. Bryce (James) I 43 note, II 239, 412 notes; on the "fatalism of the mul- titude" 567, 631.
Buchanan (President of the United
States) II 83, 91, 108, 109, 143, 582. Buncombe II 313.
Burke I 121, II 652, 716, 736 note. Burr (Aaron), great electoral wire- puller and his school II 42, 126, 153.
Burt (Thomas) I 586 note.
Cabinet I 205 note; cabinet system, see Parliament.
Caesarism, its prospects in the United States II 593.
Cairns (Lord) I 111.
Calhoun, denounces the political in- difference of American society II 70; protests against the principle of rotation in office 82; criticises the convention system 88. Cameron and Lincoln II 114. Candidates. Choice of, in Parliament
under the old régime I 19-20, after the Reform Bill 148, 151; under the "Birmingham plan" 194; tyran- nical pretensions of the Caucus 194- 203; present methods of choosing candidates 337, 442-451, 475, 506, 524, 572; the "good candidate 442; importance of the Caucus in- vestiture 448, 603; poor chances of independent candidates 449, 460, 487; puffing the "adopted candi- date" before the electoral period 451, 479, after the approach of the election 453, by means of the can- vass 454, of the stump 464, of politi- cal advertising 467, of bribery 468; candidatures at municipal elections, under the old régime 483, under the Caucus 331, 485 seq. Varied methods of choosing candidates in the United States in the first years II 7; by the legislative Caucuses 10, by the congressional Caucus 13; by conventions of delegates, see Conventions; in the slave-holding South 118. Disappearance of inde- pendent candidatures and monopoly of the party Organization 69, 147; "availability becomes the first qualification of a candidate for the Presidency 87; manœuvres of the national conventions to the detri- ment of Clay 71, 90, of Van Buren 85, of Seward 113. Present system: choice of the candidates directly by the primaries 207, 223; by their delegates to the conventions 226; depends on the primaries in any event 223; character of the candi- dates chosen 237; causes which com- bine to keep away superior men 239; qualifications of an "avail- able" candidate 241; American candidate compared with English 240-243. Presidential candidates 250, see "Dark horse," Favour- ites," "Favourite sons"; intrigues and "deals" 254. Contributions of candidates to the party funds 147, 351, 425. The candidates of the Machine 384-389; its absolute power over the candidatures 390.
Attempt at emancipation at the New York municipal election of 1897, 467. Recommendation of can- didates by private associations and civic leagues 475. Attempt to de- stroy the influence of the Machine by means of the Australian Ballot 500, the system of regulation intro- duced by it 501, blow dealt by it at independent candidatures 502, 506. Plans of direct nomination of the party candidates 530, "free nomi- nations" 532, by primaries and re- formed conventions 533. Plan of nomination of candidates in pre- liminary polls 614, 692, resting on the system of "leagues" 694, and combined with the preferential vote 709.
Canvass, electoral, under the old Eng- lish régime I 153, 589; after the crea- tion of registration associations 155; under the present régime 454-464; governs the whole electoral situa- tion 460; effect on public manners 462; channel of electoral corrup- tion, 463, 477; share of women in 462, 532, 533, 554. In the United States II 340; part taken by the candidate 341; pressure by employ- ers of labour 342. Electoral regis- tration canvass in England I 375, 456, 474; share of women politicians in 540, 555.
Carlyle, against the new society sprung
from Benthamism and industrialism I 64; his ideal of despotism 65, II 770.
'Carpet-bagger" I448, 590, II 119, 123. Caucus. Origin of the term I 120, 182, II 3. History of the English Caucus: introduced at Birmingham I 161, propagated in other places 171, 183; part played by the Caucus as- sociations in the anti-Turkish agita- tion 173, 192; creation of a federation of Liberal associations 174, inaugu- ration by Gladstone 178. Struggle against the old system of organiza- tion and against the old Liberalism 184; inadequacy of leadership in the Caucus 193; sectarian and in-
tolerant spirit 194, 244. Pretensions of the Caucus in regard to the choice of candidates 194, 203; the case of Forster at Bradford 195. Controversy on the subject of the Caucus 182, 201, II 648. Victory of the Caucus at the elections of 1880 and its consequences I 204. Pressure of the Caucus on the government, on Parliament, and on public opinion 208-217. Retreat of the counter- currents represented by the other Liberal organizations 217-225, old method and new method 221, 223. The Caucus insists upon the subor- dination of the M.P.'s 227; re- newed conflict with Forster 228, with Joseph Cowen at Newcastle 231. The Caucus eclipses classic Radicalism 240, moderate Liberal- ism 242. Crisis brought on by Irish Home Rule 289; the Caucus deserts Chamberlain 291; excludes the dis- sentient Liberals from the party 292, 308; wages war on political indepen- dence 293; issues strengthened from the crisis 295; transfers its head- quarters to London 298; close rela- tions with the official leaders 300, diminish its popular character and the independence of its action 302; warp the respective rôles of the parliamentary leaders and of public opinion 303-307, tend to immobilize the party 306, enforce a blind con- formism 307, exasperate party in- tolerance ib., definitive expulsion of the dissentients 308; provokes the hostility of advanced Radicalism 310, 513, of the "labour party" 312, of the new Liberalism" 314; tries to stop division by expedients of organization 310; offers the diver- gent fractions the Newcastle pro- gramme 316; tries to maintain unity in the party by the agitation against the House of Lords 319; leads it finally to disaster 320.- Machinery of the Caucus and its working 329; local organization, the associations 329-344, concentration of power, oligarchical tendencies 337; social
composition 344-347; intellectual standard and temperament 348-352; effacement of the deliberative char- acter 351; inner motor: sentimental devotion to the party 353, assidu- ously cultivated by the Caucus ib.; gratifications of amour-propre 354; material profit 357; discipline 359; organization in the counties 362- 370 (see Counties). The action of the Caucus 371-441: electoral regis- tration 375-382; intellectual prop- aganda 382-409, meetings 383, lectures 399, "missionaries" 405, "political literature" 406; propa- ganda combined with the pleasures of sociability 420, 435-441; rôle in electoral corruption 206, 469-482; introduction of politics into local elections at Birmingham 169, 177, and elsewhere 483, 484-493. Rela- tions of the associations with the M.P.'s 493-501. Central organiza- tion of the Liberal party 502; its machinery 502 seq., 512; pecuniary resources 508, 616; management of the local associations 505; share in the choice of candidates 506; management of the party, annual meetings of the delegates 509; rôle of the "official leaders" of the party 511; action of the central organization on public opinion 514-521; its real influence 522. Con- servative central organization 523- 529 (see Conservative organization, National Union of Conservative Associations). Auxiliary and rival organizations 530-579 (see Clubs, Women, I.L.P.).—General view on the rôle of the Caucus 580, from the standpoint of the democratization of English political society 580, of the elevation of the public spirit of the masses 584, 595, of the methods employed 588, of the character of the leadership 590, of the represen- tation of public opinion 596, of the working of the party system ib., of the working of parliamentary government 605; resistance of the living forces of society 612; de-
cline of those forces 618.- In the United States. Origins II 3; private caucuses of leaders doing duty for party Organization 7; public cau- cuses 9; the legislative Caucus in the States creates a framework of regular organization 10, it declines and disappears 34-37; mixed caucus 35; mixed convention ib.; congres- sional Caucus 13, introduces the dogma of regular candidatures 17; nullifies the constitutional function of the Electoral College ib.; sources of its authority ib.; the general ticket system 19; struggle against it 22; violent campaign against the congressional Caucus 28; fiasco of its meeting in 1824, 30; great debate in the Senate 31; fall of the Caucus and verdict on it 33. Local organi- zation created by Van Buren and the methods of New York general- ized in the Union 41-45,49. "To the victor the spoils" 50. Estab- lishment of the convention system 39-79, see Conventions of delegates; the party Organization monopolized by the politicians, office-holders, and the office-seekers 67; divorce of society from politics 70; the national conventions run by poli- ticians with a view to the spoils 71, 84; evolution of the system 80; the chief magistracy passes to men of an inferior type 90; the power of the party Organization increased by the growing horde of professional politicians 94, by the ductile mass of immigrants ib., and by the fear in- spired by the slavery problem 96; efforts of the Organization to make away with this problem and prevent the recasting of parties 98-104, 108- 110; monopoly of political organiza- tion assumed by the regular parties and prejudice against single issue parties 104; final failure of the Organization 107, 110; its oppor- tunism leads to the Civil War 110; the system of party Organization during the Civil War 112; invades the South after the war 115; takes
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