which was not held as prisoners. In return for the surrender, which was not yet absolutely necessary, from military reasons, the Germans prolonged the armistice for five days, and extended it to Southeastern France. On the other hand, however, the line of demarcation had to be drawn further south, in consequence of the protracted resistance of the fortress, than would have been the case if the French Government at the beginning of the armistice had consented to the capitulation. The departments of Côte-d'Or and Doubs were abandoned wholly, the department of the Jura almost wholly, to the Germans. The possession of the latter was of special importance, because, in case of a continuation of the war, it opened to the German troops a way into the valley of the Rhone, since, south of the Jura, the obstructions, which still would have arrested a march of the German troops upon Lyons, had been removed. These important concessions, in exchange for a prolongation of the armistice of five days, indicated that the French Government had renounced all idea of resuming the

war.

On February 21st the negotiations concerning the preliminaries of peace were begun at Versailles, between Bismarck and Thiers, the latter being assisted by fifteen commissioners of peace, appointed by the National Assembly of Bordeaux. At the expiration of the armistice, a full understanding had not been arrived at, but there was no doubt that it would be reached, and consequently the armistice was once more prolonged from February 24th to the evening of February 26th. In fact, on February 25th, all the conditions were agreed upon, and on the 26th the preliminaries of peace were signed. Two days later, they were laid by Thiers before the National Assembly of Bordeaux, which, on March 1st, ratified them by 546 against 107 votes. The ten articles of the preliminaries contained substantially the following conditions: France abandons, in favor of the German Empire, German Lorraine, inclusive of the fortress of Metz, and nearly the whole of Alsace. France pays to the Emperor of Germany five milliards of francs; one milliard, at least, has to be paid during the year 1871; the remainder in the course of three years. Paris, as well as all the territory occupied by the Germans on the left bank of the Seine, must be evacuated immediately after the ratification of the preliminaries by the National Assembly of Bordeaux. The French troops withdraw behind the Loire, which they are not allowed to cross before the signing of the definitive treaty. The garrison of Paris, which is not to exceed 40,000 men, and the garrisons indispensable for the safety of the fortresses, are excepted from this condition. The evacuation of the departments between the right bank of the Seine and the eastern frontier, by the German troops, will gradually take place after the ratification of the definitive treaty and the payment

of the first half milliard, the beginning being made with the departments next to Paris, and will be continued in proportion as the subsequent payments of the contributions may be made. After the payment of two milliards, the German occupation will be confined to the departments of the Marne, the Ardennes, the Upper Marne, the Meuse, the Vosges, and the Meurthe, and to the fortress of Belfort and its territory, which together shall serve as surety for the remaining three milliards, and where the number of the German troops shall not exceed 50,000 men. No obstacle will be put in the way of the voluntary emigration of inhabitants of the ceded territory by the German Government. The prisoners of war shall be exchanged immediately after the ratification of the preliminaries. The opening of the negotiations concerning the definitive treaty will take place at Brussels immediately after the mutual ratification of the preliminaries. In accordance with these provisions, the German troops, which had entered Paris on March 1st, left the city and the forts on the left bank of the Seine on the next day, and the march homeward was begun. On March 4th the partial demobilization of the German army was ordered; on the next day the general governments at Versailles, Rheims, and Nancy, were dissolved; and, on March 9th, the fleet was ordered to be reduced to a peace footing. On March 12th Versailles was evacuated; on the next day the German Emperor left the castle of Ferrières, in order to return to Germany. At Nancy, the Emperor, on March 15th, took leave, by an army order, of the armies; on the same day, at 11 o'clock A. M., he arrived on German soil, at Saarbrück, when he was presented, by delegations from 3,000 communities of the German Rhine provinces, with an address of welcome, and a golden laurel crown of surpassing splendor. The line of return from Saarbrück to Berlin, where the Emperor arrived on March 17th, was an uninterrupted chain of grand ovations. When, on March 18th, a revolution broke out in Paris, General de Fabrici informed by telegraph Jules Favre and General Schlottheim, the revolutionary government in Paris, what steps had been taken for the defence of the German interests. On March 26th the fortress of Bitche was occupied by the German troops.

On March 28th the conference of peace was opened at Brussels. After the conclusion of the preliminaries, the Government of France had made the utmost efforts to obtain a modification of the conditions of peace. With regard to the payment of indemnification, in particular, propositions had been made, so surprising to the Germans that they began to suspect the honesty of the designs of France. It was believed that Thiers was relying on foreign intervention. Prince Bismarck, therefore, gave the French to understand that, only if the definitive treaty was soon agreed upon, a further consideration of the wants of the French Gov

ernment might be expected. The situation of the French Government, in consequence of the revolution in Paris, was so critical, that it did not dare to resist the pressure brought upon it by Bismarck. A conference between Bismarck and Jules Favre was arranged at Frankfort-onthe-Main, which began on May 6th, and in which, on the side of the Germans, Count Arnim, and, on the French side, the Minister of Finance, Pouyer-Quertier, and the Deputy Goulard, took part. On May 10th the controverted points had been settled, and the definite peace was concluded. The Emperor William ratified the peace on May 16th; the National Assembly of France, by a vote of 440 against 98, on May 18th. On May 20th the ratifications were exchanged at Frankfort, between Bismarck and Favre. On the following days, negotiations were resumed concerning the execution of several conditions, in particular, on the payment of indemnification, which was definitely arranged by a treaty concluded on May 21st.

The North-German standing army, during the war, numbered 376,832 infantry; 47,500 cavalry; 50,300 artillery, and 34,000 men belonging to the train. Adding the staffs and the non-combatants, the whole strength of the army amounted to 552,000. The reserve troops which were called out amounted to 187,274 men; the landwehr to 205,054 men. The landwehr was in the first place to be employed for garrisoning the fortresses; but a large portion of them took an active part in the war. In all, Northern Germany sent to the war 945,000 men; the South-German States furnished a contingent of 180,000 men, thus swelling the total army of the German Empire to 1,125,000 men, with 2,088 pieces of ordnance. The French army, entering the war, consisted of 350,000 men, of whom 262,000 belonged to the infantry, 38,000 to the cavalry, and 37,000 to the artillery. The reserve troops which were collected at the so-called depots, and which were to fill up the gaps in the army, numbered 92,500 men; the army, with the reserve, embraced 442,500 combatants, with 984 pieces of ordnance and 150 mitrailleuses. After the larger portion of the French army had been taken prisoners and sent into Germany, all Frenchmen capable of bearing arms were called out for the defence of the country. Adding these new to the original armies, it is believed that the aggregate of the French troops in the field was not inferior to that of Germany. As regards the French prisoners who were taken to Germany, they numbered, on February 19th, 1871, according to a list made out by the Prussian Ministry of War, 383,841 men, of whom 11,860 were lieutenants, 177 colonels, 147 generals, and three marshals. (For the treaty which was concluded, see PUBLIO DOCUMENTS.) Frederick William, the Crown-Prince of the German Empire, was born October 18, 1831. His first actual military service was in the German-Danish War of 1864. In the Prusso

Austrian War of 1866, he commanded the Second Army, and undertook the most arduous task of the campaign. It was his duty to conduct his army from Silesia into Bohemia, through a region full of obstacles and dangers. In this march he developed remarkable circumspection and strategical skill. His bearing at the battle of Königgrätz was very creditable. For his execution of the rapid advance from Königshof to Ehlum he was given the order of merit on the battle-field. In the Franco-German War he was assigned the command of the Fifth, Sixth, and Eleventh NorthGerman Corps, and the troops of the SouthGerman States, and took part in most of the leading engagements, from Weissenburg and Wörth to the close of the war.

Prince Frederick Charles, the only son of Prince Charles, was born March 20, 1828. From youth he was chiefly interested in military affairs. When twenty years old he went into the field in Schleswig, and displayed great personal bravery at the storming of the Danewerck, and in the battle of Düppel. He served as major on the staff of his uncle, King William, in the campaign in Baden, in 1849. On the death of Frederick William IV., he was made lieutenant-general. He was a decided adherent of the feudal party, but refrained from the exercise of political influence. A paper composed by him on the military art of the French, which was not designed for the press, but which was indiscreetly published at Frankfort, attracted much attention, and excited a lively discussion. It showed him to be well informed in public affairs, and a clear and sharp critic. When the army was reorganized, Frederick Charles became general of cavalry and chief of the corps of Brandenburgers. He assumed a leading part in the campaign of 1864 against Denmark. In the summer of 1866 he commanded the First Army. He held the chief command of the united armies in the battle of Podol, on the 28th of June; defeated the Austrian General Clam-Gallas at MünchenGrätz, took Gitschin, and participated prominently in the decisive battle of Königgrätz.

At the beginning of the war with France, Prince Frederick Charles was given the command of the Centre, or Second Army, embracing the Guards, and the Second, Third, Fourth, Tenth, and Twelfth Army Corps of North Germany. He served with great distinction to himself and his country throughout the war. The parts he took in the different engagements are fully described in the historical part of this article, and in the article "German-French War," in the ANNUAL CYCLOPEDIA for 1870.

Von Moltke, Count Helmuth, was born October 26, 1800, at Parchim, MecklenburgSchwerin. His father, who was at the time of his death a general in the Danish service, gave him his first instruction. He afterward pursued his military studies in the Cadets' Institution at Copenhagen. In 1818 he was a page at the Danish royal court, in 1819

a lieutenant. In 1822 he entered the Prussian army as second-lieutenant of infantry. He did not become a first-lieutenant till eleven years afterward. He employed the intervening period in earnest studies at the military schools. In 1827 he was appointed instructor in the five division-schools. In 1828 he was assigned to the topographical branch of the general staff. In 1832 he was attached to that corps of the general staff of which he was chief at the time of the breaking out of the war with France.

Von Moltke's first actual service was in the East. He resided there four years, engaged actively in the organization and drill of the Ottoman troops, and was present in the engagements with the Koords, and at the battle of Nisid. He travelled, on military business, through the greater part of Asia Minor. In 1839 he returned to Germany, where he published a work entitled Russisch-türkischer Feldzug in der Europäischen Türkei von 1828-29, and a number of Turkish maps.

In 1835 he was promoted to a captaincy, in 1842 to a majority; in 1846 he was appointed general staff officer of the Eighth Army Corps, and in 1848 chief of one division of the general staff. In 1850 he was again a first-lieutenant, in 1851 a captain as first-adjutant of the Crown-Prince Frederick William. In 1856 he was made a major-general, and in 1858 chief of the general staff, whence he was promoted to the rank of general. He took a prominent part in the Schleswig-Holstein War in 1864. The plan of the campaign of the short, decisive, brilliant war of 1866 with Austria was his work. The great battle of Königgrätz was fought under his direction. After this battle he negotiated the truce, and the suspension of hostilities, and the preliminaries to peace. For his services he was decorated with the order of the black eagle.

After the close of the war, and the promul gation of the new German Empire, the Emperor William conferred upon General von Moltke the title and dignity of count, in acknowledgment of his distinguished services.

Bourbaki, General Charles Denis Sauter, is of Greek origin, the son of an officer who fell in the Greek war of independence. He was born at Pau, April 22, 1816. He was educated at Saint-Cyr, and began his military career as a lieutenant in Africa, commanding a corps of Zouaves. He is generally accredited with the formation of the corps of Spahis and Turcos, who have since become famous in French wars. He behaved with great coolness at the storming of Zaadscha, where he was the first to mount the breach at the head of his Turcos, and was made captain. In the Crimean War he held the command of a brigadier-general. At the battle of Inkerman he saved the right flank of the English army from destruction, and earned the title by which he was afterward known, of Bourbaki d'Inkerman. He also distinguished himself at the battle of the

Alma, at the storming of the Malakoff, and in the Franco-Austrian War of 1859, at the battle of Solferino. He was made an officer of the Legion of Honor in 1868. At the breaking out of the war of 1870, he was assigned the command of the Eighth Army Corps, which included the Imperial Guard. In the new organization of the French armies, which was made after the surrender at Sedan, General Bourbaki was placed in command of the "First Army," and was ordered to operate in the north, in the direction of the Vosges. He met with a succession of defeats in December and January. His last operation in the war was an unsuccessful effort to raise the siege of Belfort.

Faidherbe, Louis Léon César, was born at Lille, on the 3d of June, 1818. He entered the Polytechnic School in 1838, and the School of Application at Metz in 1840. He was appointed to special service in Africa, where, in the eight years from 1844 to 1852, he took part in many expeditions in the provinces of Oran, Guadeloupe, and Constantine. The most notable of these was that of Kabyle. He then passed to Senegal as subdirector of engineers. He was made commander of a battalion, and Governor of Senegal in 1857. In 1861 he was engaged in an expedition against the King of Cayor, by which the whole maritime border of that chief, extending from the right bank of the Senegal to beyond the Bathel de Medina, was subjected. The prophet Omer-elHadji also recognized the French sovereignty. The peninsula of Cape Vert and the province of Dianda were annexed to Senegal. He was definitively recalled to France at his own request in 1865. He afterward commanded the Division of Bonar in Africa. He was made an officer of the Legion of Honor in 1855, commander in 1861, and brigadier-general in 1863.

While in Soudan and Western Africa, he wrote numerous documents and memoirs which were published in the Bulletin de la Société de Géographie. He is also the author of Annales de Voyages, the Annuaire de Sénégal, which was published in four languages, etc. General Faidherbe's principal part in the German-French War was as commander of the Army of the North. He was disastrously defeated at St. Quentin, on the 19th of January. It was the substantial destruction, in quick succession, of the armies of Chanzy and Faidherbe, on whom the French chiefly relied to divert the attention of the Germans from their attack on Paris, that decided the surrender of the capital.

Chanzy, General, is about forty-seven years old. His father was a captain of cuirassiers, who was dismissed from the service in 1815. He studied military science in the school of St.-Cyr, which he entered in 1841. He saw active service in Syria under Hautpoul, and in Africa under Pelissier. At the close of 1870 General Chanzy held the command of the Army of the Loire. He made an

active and gallant campaign against the Germans, but met a disastrous defeat, accompanied with the disorganization of his army, at Le Mans, on the 12th of January. He was one of those French generals for whose skill and bravery the Germans had the highest respect.

GERMANY, an empire in Europe, reestablished January 18, 1871, when William, King of Prussia, formally assumed the title of "German Emperor," in compliance with the joint request of the governments of all the other states. The Emperor William I. was born March 22, 1797. He is a son of King Frederick William III. and Queen Louisa, and was mar

STATES.

ried June 11, 1829, to Augusta, daughter of the Grand-duke Charles Frederick of SaxeWeimar. The heir-apparent, Frederick William, born October 18, 1831, has the official title of Crown-Prince of the German Empire and Crown-Prince of Prussia. He was married, January 25, 1858, to Victoria, Princess Royal of Great Britain and Ireland, born November 21, 1840.

The following table exhibits the area and population of the states belonging to the German Empire, the number of representatives of every German government in the Federal Council, and the number of deputies who represent each state in the Reichstag:

.......

26. Alsace-Lorraine (imperial country)....

Total....

Kingdoms. Grand-duchies. Duchies.

Population in 1867.

in the Federal

Council.

135,806

24,039,668

17

236

29,293

4,824,421

6

5,779

2,423,401

4

7,532

1,778,396

4

5,870

1,434,970

3

382