8 First remedy, To ufe no word with- 9 Secondly, To have diftinct ideas 10 And diftinct and conformable in 12 Fourthly, To make known their 14 First, In fimple ideas by fynony- 15 Secondly, In mixed modes by defi- 16 Morality capable of demonstration. 17 Definitions can make moral dif 19 Thirdly, In fubftances, by fhowing 20, 21 Ideas of the leading qualities of substances, are best got by fhowing. 23 A reflection on the knowledge of 24 Ideas alfo of fubftances must be 25 Not eafy to be made fo. 26 Fifthly, By conftancy in their fig- nification. 1 Our knowledge converfant about 2 Knowledge is the perception of the agreement or difagreement of 4 Firft, Of identity or diverfity. 7 Fourthly, Of real existence. Of the degrees of our knowledge. 1 Intuitive. 2 Demonftrative. 5 Not without precedent doubt. 7 Each step must have intuitive evi- 8 Hence the mistake ex præcognitis et 9 Demonftration not limited to quan- 10-13 Why it has been fo thought. 14 Senfitive knowledge of particular Of the extent of human knowledge. 1 First, No farther than we have ideas. 1 5 Fifthly, Senfitive knowledge nar- 6 Sixthly, Our knowledge therefore 7 How far our knowledge reaches. Firft, Our knowledge of identity and diverfity, as far as our ideas. 10 Because the connection between 11 Efpecially of fecondary qualities. 12-14 And farther, Because all con- nection between any fecondary and primary qualities is undifcoverable. 15 Of repugnancy to co-exist larger. 16 Of the co-existence of powers a ve- 18 Thirdly, Of other relations, it is not easy to say how far. Morality 19 Two things have made moral ideas thought incapable of demonftra- tion. Their complexedness and 20 Remedies of those difficulties. 21 Fourthly, Of real existence, we have an intuitive knowledge of our own, demonstrative of God's, fenfible of 23 First, One cause of its want of ideas, 8 Existence not required to make it 9 Nor will it be lefs true or certain, because moral ideas are of our own 10 Mifnaming difturbs not the cer- 11 Ideas of fubftances have their ar- 12 So far as they agree with those, fo far our knowledge concerning them 13 In our inquiries about fubftances, we must confider ideas, and not confine our thoughts to names or fpecies fuppofed fet out by names. 2 A right joining or feparating of 3 Which make mental or verbal prop- 4 Mental propofitions are very hard 5 Being nothing but the joining, or feparating ideas without words. 6 When mental propofitions contain 7 Objection against verbal truth, that 8 Anfwered, Real truth is about ideas 9 Falsehood is the joining of names otherwife than their ideas agree. 10 As far as any fuch co-exiftence can be known, fo far universal propofi- tions may be certain. But this will go but a little way, because, 11, 12 The qualities which make our complex ideas of substances, depend moftly on external, remote, and un- 13 Judgement may reach farther, but 14 What is requifite for our knowl- 15 Whilft our ideas of fubftances con- tain not their real constitutions, we can make but few general certain 2 Wherein that felf-evidence confifts. 3 Self-evidence not peculiar to re- 4 First, As to identity and diverfity, all propofitions are equally felf-ev- 5 Secondly, In co-existence we have few felf-evident propofitions. 6 Thirdly, In other relations we may 7 Fourthly, Concerning the real ex- 8 Thefe axioms do not much influ- 9, 10 Becaufe they are not the truths 11 What use these general maxims 12 Maxims, if care be not taken in the ufe of words, may prove con- 1 Some propofitions bringno increase 2,3 As, First, Identical propositions. 4 Secondly, When a part of any com- plex idea is predicated of the whole. 5 As part of the definition of the 7 For this teaches but the fignifica- 9 General propofitions concerning fubftances, are often trifling. 11 Thirdly, Ufing words variously is 12 Marks of verbal propofitions. First, 10 Incogitative being cannot produce 11, 12 Therefore there has been an e- 14 Not material, First, Because every 15 Secondly, One particle alone of 16 Thirdly, A fyftem of incogitative 17 Whether in motion or at reft. CHAP. XI. Of the knowledge of the existence of other 1 Is to be had only by fenfation. 4 First, Because we cannot have them 5 Secondly, Because an idea from ac- tual fenfation, and another from memory, are very distinct percep- 6 Thirdly, Pleasure or pain, which 7 Fourthly, Our fenfes affift one an- 8 This certainty is as great as our 9 But reaches no farther than actual 10 Folly to expect demonstration in 11 Past existence is known by memo- 12 The existence of spirits not know- 13 Particular propofitions concerning 14 And general propofitions concern- CHAP. XII. Of the improvement of our knowledge. SECT. 1 Knowledge not from maxims, 3 But from the comparing clear and 4 Dangerous to build upon precari- 5 This no certain way to truth. 6 But to compare clear complete i- 7 The true method of advancing knowledge, is by confidering our 8 By which morality alfo may be 9 But knowledge of bodies is to be 10 This may procure us convenience, 11 We are fitted for moral knowledge 12 But muft beware of hypothefes and 13 The true ufe of hypotheses. tled names, and the finding of those 15 Mathematics an instance of it. 4 The grounds of probability are 5 In this all the agreements, pro and 6 They being capable of great vari- SECT. CHAP. XVI. Of the degrees of affent. 1 Our affent ought to be regulated 8 The ill confequence of this, if our 4 The right use of it is mutual char- 5 Probability is either of matter of 6 The concurrent experience of all 8 Fair teftimony, and the nature of 5 Helps little in demonftration, lefs 6 Serves not to increase our knowl- 7 Other helps fhould be fought. 9 Firft, Reason fails us for want of 10 Secondly, Because of obfcure and 11 Thirdly, For want of intermediate 12 Fourthly, Because of wrong princi- 13 Fifthly, Because of doubtful terms. 16 To supply the narrowness of this, 17 Intuition, demonstration, judge- inces. 9 Experience and teftimonies clash Of faith and reason, and their distinct prov- 10 Traditional teftimonies, the far- 13 One case where contrary experi- SECT. 1 Neceffary to know their bounda- 2 Faith and reafon what, as contra- 3 No new fimple idea can be convey. 8 Or not contrary to reafon, if re- 9 Revelation, in matters where rea- 10 In matters where reafon can afford |