Human Ecology of BeringiaColumbia University Press, 2007 - 290 páginas Twenty-five thousand years ago, sea level fell more than 400 feet below its present position as a consequence of the growth of immense ice sheets in the Northern Hemisphere. A dry plain stretching 1,000 miles from the Arctic Ocean to the Aleutians became exposed between northeast Asia and Alaska, and across that plain, most likely, walked the first people of the New World. This book describes what is known about these people and the now partly submerged land, named Beringia, which they settled during the final millennia of the Ice Age. Humans first occupied Beringia during a twilight period when rising sea levels had not yet caught up with warming climates. Although the land bridge between northeast Asia and Alaska was still present, warmer and wetter climates were rapidly transforming the Beringian steppe into shrub tundra. This volume synthesizes current research-some previously unpublished-on the archaeological sites and rapidly changing climates and biota of the period, suggesting that the absence of woody shrubs to help fire bone fuel may have been the barrier to earlier settlement, and that from the outset the Beringians developed a postglacial economy similar to that of later northern interior peoples. The book opens with a review of current research and the major problems and debates regarding the environment and archaeology of Beringia. It then describes Beringian environments and the controversies surrounding their interpretation; traces the evolving adaptations of early humans to the cold environments of northern Eurasia, which set the stage for the settlement of Beringia; and provides a detailed account of the archaeological record in three chapters, each of which is focused on a specific slice of time between 15,000 and 11,500 years ago. In conclusion, the authors present an interpretive summary of the human ecology of Beringia and discuss its relationship to the wider problem of the peopling of the New World. |
Índice
An Introduction to Beringia | 1 |
Beringian Landscapes | 22 |
Settlement of Northern Asia | 77 |
The Beginning of the Lateglacial | 101 |
The End of the Lateglacial Interstadial | 132 |
The Younger Dryas and the End of Beringia | 162 |
Beringia and the New World | 205 |
Notes | 229 |
Bibliography | 245 |
279 | |
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Términos y frases comunes
Alaska Range American archaeological Arctic areas artifacts assemblages Basin Berelekh Bering Land Bridge bifacial bifacial points Bigelow birch bone Broken Mammoth Brooks Range burins cal ka calibrated central Alaska Charcoal Cinq-Mars climate coastal Component contain culture Denali complex Dikov Dry Creek dwarf Dyuktai early eastern Beringia Elias Eurasia evidence excavated faunal remains Figure flakes Goebel and Slobodin Guthrie Healy Lake Hoffecker Holmes Holocene ice sheets interior interstadial Kolyma Kunz lanceolate points large mammal late Pleistocene Lateglacial latitudes Layer VII loess lowland Lozhkin Mesa complex mesic meters microblade technology Mochanov modern humans Mountains Neandertals Nenana Northeast Asia occupation level paleoecology of Beringia Paleoindian Plains pollen projectile points Quaternary radiocarbon dates Reanier recovered regions River sea level sediment settlement shrub tundra Siberia soil southern steppe-tundra Swan Point Tanana temperatures tundra Ushki Valley vegetation wedge-shaped microblade cores West western willow Yana Yesner Younger Dryas Yukon zone