11. Personal identity in change
CHAP. XXVIII.
Of other relations.
1. Ideas, some clear and dis.
tinct, others obscure and
confused.
2. Clear and obscure, ex-
plained by sight.
3. Causes of obscurity.
4. Distinct and confused,
what.
5. Objection.
6. Confusion of ideas, is in
reference to their names.
7. Defaults which make con.
fusion. First, complex
ideas made up of too
few simple ones.
8. Secondly, or its simple
ones jumbled disorderly
together.
9. Thirdly, or are mutable
or undetermined:
10. Confusion, without re-
ference to names, hardly
conceivable.
11. Confusion concerns al-
ways two ideas.
12. Causes of confusion.
13. Complex ideas may be
distinct in one part, and
confused in another.
14. This, if not heeded, causes
confusion in our argu.
ings.
15. Instance in eternity.
Divisibility of mat.
1. Adequate ideas are such
as perfectly represent their
archetypes.
2. Simple ideas all ade-
quate.
3. Modes are all adequate.
4, 5. Modes in reference to set-
tled names, may be in.
adequate.
6, 7. Ideas of substances, as re-
ferred to real essences, not
adequate.
8-11. Ideas of substances, as
collections of their quali-
ties, are all inadequate.
12. Simple ideas ixrura, and
adequate.
13. Ideas of substances are
ExTura, and inadequate.
14. Ideas of modes and rela-
tions are archetypes, and
cannot but be adequate.
1. They stand for abstract ideas
as other general names.
2. First, The ideas they stand
for are made by the under
standing.
3. Secondly, made arbitrarily,
and without patterns.
4. How this is done.
5. Evidently arbitrary, in that
the idea is often before the
existence.
6. Instances, murther, incest,
stabbing.
7. But still subservient to the
end of language.
8. Whereof the intranslatable
words of divers languages
are a proof.
9. This shows species to be
made for communication.
10, 11. In mixed modes, it is the
name that ties the combi-
nation together, and makes
it a species.
12. For the originals of mixed
modes, we look no farther
than the mind, which also
shows them to be the work-
manship of the understand-
ing.
13. Their being made by the
understanding without pat-
terns, shows the reason why
they are so compounded.
14. Names of mixed modes
stand always for their real
15. Why their names are usu-
ally got before their ideas.
16. Reason of my being so large
on this subject.
CHAP. VI.
Of the names of substances.
SECT.
1. The common names of sub-
stances stand for sorts.
2. The essence of each sort is
the abstract idea.
3. The nominal and real es.
sence different.
4-6. Nothing essential to indi-
viduals.
7-8. The nominal essence bounds
the species.
9. Not the real essence, which
we know not.
10. Not substantial forms,
which we know less.
11. That the nominal essence is
that whereby we distinguish
species, farther evident from
spirits.
12. Whereof there are probably
numberless species.
13. The nominal essence that of
the species, proved from
water and ice.
14-18. Difficulties against a certain
number of real essences.
19. Our nominal essences of
substances, not perfect col
lections of properties.
21. But such a collection as our
name stands for.
22. Our abstract ideas are to us
the measure of species. In-
stances in that of man.
23. Species not distinguished by
generation.
24. Not by substantial forms.
25. The specific essences are
made by the mind.
26, 27. Therefore very various and
uncertain.
28. But not so arbitrary as
mixed modes.
29. Though very imperfect.
30. Which yet serve for com-
31. But make several essences
signified by the same name.
32. The more general our ideas
are, the more incomplete
and partial they are.
33. This all accommodated to
the end of speech.
34. Instance in cassuaris.
35. Men make the species. In-
stance gold.
36. Though nature makes the
similitude.
37. And continues it in the
races of things.
38. Each abstract idea is an es-
39. Generà and species are in
order to naming. Instance,
watch.
40. Species of artificial things
less confused than natural.
41. Artificial things of distinct
species.
42. Substances alone have pro-
per names.
43. Difficulty to treat of words
with words.
44, 45. Instances of mixed modes
kineah and niouph.
46, 47. Instance of substances in
zahab.
48. Their ideas imperfect and
therefore various.
49. Therefore to fix their spe-
cies, a real essence is sup-
posed.
50. Which supposition is of no