had the strongest passion for verse that can be conceived. His poems appeared at Bale in 1567, in two volumes 8vo; and, besides this collection, there are also hymns, odes against the Turks, the Art of Poetry, Comparisons of the Latin Poets, &c. He is said to have received the laurel from the emperor Maximilian, a short time before his death.

His poems are written with great purity and elegance. He was particularly careful in the choice of his words; and he carried his scruples in this respect so far, that he would not on any account make use of a word in his "Sacred Poems" which favoured the least of Paganism. He condemned some liberties of this sort, which he had taken in his youth; and he exceedingly blamed those Christians who applied themselves for matter to the divinities of Parnassus, and the fables of the ancients. He wrote also in prose, the "Roma," already mentioned; the "Annals of Messein," in seven books; "Origines Saxonicæ," in two volumes, folio; the same quantity on the affairs of Germany and Saxony, &c. His "Roma" has been greatly admired by some, by Barthius in particular: and there is this singularity in it, that he has so adapted to his descriptions the language of the Latin writers who have described. the same things, as to make some Germans fancy it an ancient work. 1

FABRICIUS (JAMES), an eminent physician, was born at Rostock, Aug. 28, 1577. Following the advice of Hippocrates, he joined the study of the mathematics with that of medicine, and was a pupil of Tycho Brahe, as he had been before of the learned Chytræus. His medical studies were not confined to his own country; for he travelled through England, Germany, and the Low Countries, in order to obtain the instructions of the most celebrated professors; and afterwards repaired to Jena, where he was distinguished by the extent of his acquirements, and obtained the degree of doctor at the age of twenty-six. He soon gained extensive employment in his profession, and at length received several lucrative and honourable appointments. He filled the stations of professor of medicine and of the mathematics at Rostock during forty years, was first physician to the duke of Mecklenburgh, and afterwards retired to Copenhagen, where he was appointed chief 'Moreri.-Baillet Jugemens des Savans.-Blount's Censura.-Saxii Onomast. VOL. XIV.

C

physician to the kings of Norway and Denmark, Christian IV. and Frederick III. He died at Copenhagen on August 14, 1652, in the seventy-fifth year of his age; and his remains were carried to Rostock for interment, by his sonsin-law and daughters, and a monument was afterwards erected to his memory. His works are entitled, 1. " Periculum Medicum, seu Juvenilium Fæturæ priores," Halæ, 1600. 2. "Uroscopia, seu de Urinis Tractatus," Rostochii, 1605. 3. "De Cephalalgia Autumnali," ibid. 1617. 4." Institutio Medici practicam aggredientis," ibid. 1619. 5. "Oratio Renunciationi novi Medicinæ Doctoris præmissa, de Causis Cruentantis cadaveris præsente. Homicidâ," ibid. 1620. 6. "Dissertatio de Novo-antiquo Capitis Morbo ac Dolore, cum aliis Disquisitionibus Medicis de diffic. nonnul. Materiis Practicis," ibid. 1640.'

FABRICIUS (JAMES), a Lutheran divine, was born at Coslin, a town of Pomerania, in 1593. In his youth, as his parents were poor, he contrived to defray the expences of his education by instructing a few pupils in what he had already learned, and having the charge of some of them to Rostock, he soon distinguished himself among the learned of that city. Having taken orders, he was chosen preacher at Coslin, and chaplain to the duke Bogislaus XIV. who five years after recommended him to a doctor's degree at Gripswald. About this time the king of Sweden, Gustavus Adolphus, arriving in Germany, made him his confessor, and superintendant of his army; and after the battle of Lutzen, in which that prince lost his life, the duke Bogislaus recalled Fabricius, and made him superintendant of Upper Pomerania, in which office he was afterwards continued by queen Christina. He was also appointed minister of the principal church of Stettin, and professor of divinity. He died suddenly of an apoplectic stroke, Aug. 11, 1654. His principal writings are, 1. "Disputationes in Genesim, et in Epistolam ad Romanos. 2. "Probatio visionum," a work which involved him in disrepute with some of his brethren, and obliged him to publish in defence of it, 3. "Invictæ visionum probationes." 4. "Justa Gustaviana." He published besides some pieces in German.2 FABRICIUS (JEROME), more generally known by the name of HIERONYMUS FABRICIUS AB AQUAPENDENTE, was

Moreri.-Rees's Cyclopædia.-Manget Bibl. Med.-Freheri Theatrum. 2 Moreri.-Dict. Hist.

born at Aquapendente, in the territory of Orvieto, in Italy, in 1537. His parents, although poor, found the means of procuring him a good education at Padua, where he acquired a knowledge of the Latin and Greek languages, and, after having gone through the usual course of philosophy, he began the study of anatomy and surgery under Gabriel Fallopius, one of the most intelligent professors of his time. His progress under this excellent tutor was such as to acquire for him a character not less distinguished than that of his master, whom he afterwards succeeded in the professor's chair, in which he taught the same sciences for nearly half a century, in the university of Padua. During the whole of this long period he maintained an uniform character for eloquence and sound knowledge, and continued to excite great interest in his lectures. He died universally regretted in 1619, at the age of eighty-two years.

The kindness and disinterested generosity of Fabricius gained him the esteem of the principal families of Padua, and the republic of Venice built a spacious anatomical amphitheatre, on the front of which his name was inscribed; they also decreed him an annual stipend of a thousand crowns, and the honour of a statue, and created him a knight of St. Mark. But the celebrity which he obtained for the university of Padua by his talents, afforded him a gratification above that which accrued from all those flattering favours.

His attention was chiefly directed to anatomy and surgery, both of which his researches materially contributed to elucidate. He is said to have been the first to notice the valves of the veins, having demonstrated their structure in 1574. The honour of this discovery has also been given to Paul Sarpi; but Albinus and Morgagni are of opinion that he was anticipated by Fabricius. These anatomists, however, were ignorant of the use of this valvular apparatus; but Fabricius has given excellent views of its structure in his engravings. He was exceedingly methodical in his writings, first describing the structure of each part of the body, and then its uses. Valuable as his anatomical writings were, however, his surgical works obtained for him a still higher reputation. The improvements which he introduced into the practice of his art, in consequence of his accurate anatomical knowledge, and the consistent form which he gave to it, have, in fact, gained him the appellation of the father of modern surgery. His works are

2.

numerous: the first, entitled "Pentateuchus Chirurgicus,” published at Francfort in 1592, contains five dissertations on tumours, wounds, ulcers, fractures, and luxations. "De Visione, Voce, et Auditu," Venice, 1600. 3. "Tractatus de Oculo, visûsque Organo," Padua, 1601. 4. "De Venarum Ostiolis," ibid. 1603. 5. "De Locutione, et ejus Instrumentis," ibid. 1603. It is said that, in one day, all the Germans deserted the school of Fabricius, because, in explaining the mechanism of the muscles of speech, he had ridiculed their mode of pronunciation. 6. "Opera Anatomica, quæ continent de formato Fœtu, de formatione Ovi et Pulli, de Locutione et ejus Instrumentis, de Brutorum loquela," Padua, 1604. The essay on the language of brute animals, in this work, is curious, and worthy the attention of naturalists. 7. "De Musculi Artificio, et Ossium Articulationibus," Vicentia, 1614. 8. "De Respiratione et ejus Instrumentis, libri duo," Padua, 1615. 9.“De Motu locali Animalium," Padua, 1618. 10. "De Gula, Ventriculo, et Intestinis, Tractatus," ibid. 1618. 11. "De Integumentis Corporis," ibid. 1618. 12. "Opera Chirur gica in duas Partes divisa," ibid. 1617. This work, in which all the diseases of the body, which are curable by manual operation, are treated, passed through seventeen editions, in different languages. 13. "Opera omnia Physiologica et Anatomica," Leipsic, 1687. 14. The whole of his works were also published at Leyden in 1723, and in 1737, in folio.1

FABRICIUS (JOHN ALBERT), one of the most eminent and laborious scholars of his time in Europe, was descended both by the father's and mother's side from a family originally of Holstein. His father, Werner Fabricius, a native of Itzhoa, in Holstein, was director of the music at St. Paul's in Leipsic, organist of the church of St. Nicholas in that city, and a poet and a man of letters, as appears by a work he published in 1657, entitled "Delicia Harmonicæ." His mother was Martha Corthum, the daughter of John Corthum, a clergyman of Bergedorff, and the descendant of a series of protestant clergymen from the time of the reformation. He was born at Leipsic Nov. 11, 1668. His mother died in 1674, and his father in 1679; but the latter, while he lived, had begun to instruct him, and on his death-bed recommended him to the care of Valentine Al

1 Moreri,-Rees's Cyclopædia,—Manget and Haller.

bert, an eminent divine and philosopher, who employed, as his first master, Wenceslaus Buhl, whom Mayer calls the common Mæcenas of orphans; and he appears to have been taught by him for about five years. He also received instructions at the same time under, Jo. Goth. Herrichius, rector of the Nicolaitan school at Leipsic, an able Greek and Latin scholar, whose services Fabricius amply acknowledges in the preface to Herrichius's "Poemata Græca et Latina," which he published in 1718, out of regard to the memory of this tutor. In 1684, Valentine Albert sent him to Quedlinburgh to a very celebrated school, of which the learned Samuel Schmidt was at that time rector. It was here that he met with, in the library, a copy of Barthius's "Adversaria," and the first edition of Morhoff's "Polyhistor," which he himself informs us, gave the first direction to his mind as to that species of literary history and research which he afterwards carried beyond all his predecessors, and in which, if we regard the extent and accuracy of his labours, he has never had an equal. Schmidt had accidentally shown him Barthius, and requested him to look into it; but it seemed to open to him such a wide field of instruction and pleasure, that he requested to take it to his rooin and study it at leisure, and from this he conceived the first thought, although, perhaps, at that time, indistinct, of his celebrated Bibliothecas. After his return to Leipsic in 1686, he met with Morhoff, who, he says, gave his new-formed inclination an additional spur. He now was matriculated in the college of Leipsic, and was entirely under the care of his guardian Valentine Albert, one of the professors, with whom he lodged for seven years. During this time he attended the lectures of Carpzovius, Olearius, Feller, Rechenberg, Ittigius, Menckenius, &c. and other learned professors, and acknowledges his obligations in particular to Ittigius, who introduced him to a knowledge of the Christian fathers, and of ecclesiastical history. It is perhaps unnecessary to add of one who has given such striking proofs of the fact, that his application to his various studies was incessant and successful. His reading was various and extensive, and, like most scholars of his class, he read with a pen in his hand.

Such proficiency could not escape the attention of his masters, nor go unrewarded, and accordingly we find that he was admitted to the degree of bachelor of philosophy, as it is styled in that college, Nov. 27, 1686, and on Jan.