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1643, Bristol, under Colonel Fiennes, July 27, surrendered to Prince Rupert. 1643, Gloucester successfully defended by Colonel Massie against Charles I. and Prince Rupert, until relieved, August 26, by the Earl of Essex. 1645, Bristol, under Prince Rupert, Sept. 10, after a feeble defence, surrendered to Sir William Fairfax.

1648, at Bristol, William Cann, its Mayor, the first who proclaimed "that there was no king in England, and that the successors of Charles 1. were traitors."

BIOGRAPHY.

Atkins, Richard, typographical writer, 1615.

Atkins, Sir Robert, Lord Chief Baron, 1621.

Atkins, Sir Robert, historian of the county, Saperton, 1646.

Ballard, George, antiquary, Campden, 1715.

Bedford, Arthur, divine, Tiddenham, 1668.

Benefield, Sebastian, Calvinistic divine, Prestonbury, 1559.

Biddle, John, Unitarian, Wotton under Edge, 1615.

Bisse, Philip, Bp. of Hereford, Oldbury, 1670.

Boteler, Sir Ralph, founder of Sudeley Castle, Lord Treasurer to Henry VI. Bradley, James, astronomer royal, Sherborn, 1692.

Bristol, John de, converted Jew, 1st Hebrew Lecturer at Oxford, flor. temp. Edw. III.

Bristol, Ralph de, Bishop of Kildare, biographer, (died 1232.)

CABOT, SEBASTIAN, discoverer of America, Bristol, 1467.

Cantelupe, Nicholas, Prior of Northampton, historian, Gloucester, flor. temp.

Hen. VI.

Canton, John, natural philosopher, Stroud, 1718.

Canyngs, William, benefactor, Bristol, 1405.

Capell, Richard, author of "Temptations," Gloucester, (died 1655.)
Carpenter, John, Bp. of Worcester, Westbury, (died 1475.)

Cartwright, William, poet and dramatic writer, Northway, 1611.

Chamberlayne, Edward, author of "Angliæ Notitia," Odington, 1616.

CHATTERTON, THOMA's, poet, Bristol, 1752.

Chedworth, John, Bp. of Lincoln, (died 1471.)

Child, William, musician, Bristol, 1705.

CIRENCESTER, RICHARD OF, compiler of "Roman Itinerary," (died 1400.) Claudianus, Osberuus, commentator on the Pentateuch, Gloucester, (flourished 1140.)

Clutterbuck, Richard, blind mechanic, Rodborough, 1633.

Codrington, Robert, parliamentarian, voluminous writer, 1601.

COLSTON, EDWARD, benefactor, Bristol, 1636.

Corbet, John, nonconformist divine and historian, Gloucester, (died 1680.)

Coxeter, Thomas, collector, Lechlade, 1689.

Draper, Sir William, conqueror of Manilla, antagonist of Junius, Bristol, (died 1787.)

Eliot, Hugh, in 1527 discovered Newfoundland, Bristol.

Estcourt, Richard, actor and dramatic writer, Tewkesbury, 1668.

Fowler, Edward, Bp. of Gloucester, Westerleigh, 1632.

Fowler, John, learned printer, Bristol, (died 1579.)

Fox, Edward, Bp. of Hereford, statesinau, Dursley, (died 1538.)

Gloucester, Benedict of, biographer of St. Dubricius, (flor. 1120.)
Gloucester, Robert of, historical poet, (flor. temp. Henry II.)

Graves, Richard, author of "The Spiritual Quixote," Mickleton, 1715.
Grocyne, William, 1st Grecian professor at Oxford, Bristol, 1440.

Guise, Rachel, Lady Bradshaigh, Richardson's correspondent, (died 1743.)

Guise, William, orientalist, divine, Ablond's court, 1653.

Gwinnett, Richard, poet, Great Shurdington, (died 1717.)

HALE, SIR MATTHEW, Chief Justice, Alderley, 1600.

Hales, Alexander of, "Doctor Irrefragabilis," author of Sum of Divinity, (died

1245.)

Hales, Thomas of, schoolman, (flor. temp. Edw. III.)
Harmer, John, Greek professor, Churchdown, 1595.

Harris,

Harris, Robert, parliamentarian divine, Campden.

Harris, Walter, physician, Gloucester, 1651.

Hele, Thomas, writer of French plays, 1740.

Huntingdon, Robert, Bp. of Raphoe, orientalist, Deerhurst, 1636.
KYRLE, JOHN, Pope's "Man of Ross," Whitehouse, Dymmock, 1637.
Lewis, John, biographer, topographer, and divine, Bristol, 1675.
Matthew, Tobias, Abp. of York, Bristol, 1546.

Merret, Christopher, physician and naturalist, Winchcombe, 1614.
Moore, John, Abp. of Canterbury, Gloucester, (died 1804.)
More, Thomas de la, warrior and author, (flourished 1326.)

Neale, Thomas, Hebrew professor, chaplain to Bp. Bonner, Yate, 1540.
Norton, Thomas, alchemist, Bristol, (died 1477.)

Oldham, John, satirical poet, "The English Juvenal," Shipton, 1663.
Overbury, Sir Thomas, poisoned by his wife and Carr, Bourton on the Hill,

1581.

Penn, Sir William, admiral, Bristol, 1621.

Philipps, Fabian, antiquary, Prestbury, 1601.

Powell, Sir John, patriotic judge, Gloucester, (died 1713.)

Powle, Henry, Speaker of the House of Commons, Williamstrop, (died 1692.)
Raikes, Robert, first establisher of Sunday Schools, Gloucester, 1736.
Ramsey, Lady Mary, benefactor, Bristol, (died 1596.)

Reynolds, Richard, philanthropist, Bristol, (died 1816.)

Roberts, William Isaac, poet, Bristol, 1796.

Robinson, Mary, actress and poet, Bristol, 1758.

Rudder, Samuel, historian of the county, Stouts Hill.

Ruthal, Thomas, Bp. of Durham, Cirencester, (died 1523.)

Sprint, John, author of "Cassander Auglicanus," (died 1631.)

Stephens, Robert, antiquary, historiographer royal, Eastington (died 1732.) Stubbes, Henry, nonconformist divine and author, Upton, 1605.

Taylor, John, "The Water Poet," Gloucester, 1580.

Tewkesbury, Alan of, friend of Becket, (flourished anno 1200.)
Thomas, William, Bp. of Worcester, Bristol, 1613.

Thorne, Nicholas, founder of Bristol grammar-school, Bristol, 1496.
Tracy, Richard, author of " A Preparation to the Crosse," Toddington.
Tracy, Sir William, murderer of Becket, Toddington, (died 1180.)
Trapp, Joseph, poet, translator of Virgil, Cherington, 1672.

Trotman, Edward, abridger of Coke's Reports, Cam, (died 1643.)

Tryon, Thomas, religious enthusiast, Bibury, 1634.

White, Joseph, divine, orientalist, and critic, Bampton Lecturer, 1751.

White, Thomas, founder of Sion College, Bristol, (died 1623.)
Whitefield, George, Calvinistic methodist, Gloucester, 1714.

Winchcombe, Tideman of, Bp. of Worcester, physician to Richard II. (died 1400.)

Wintle, Thomas, divine, Gloucester, 1787.

Worcester, William of, author of Itinerary, Bristol, 1415.

Worgan, John Dawes, poet, Bristol, 1791.

Workman, John, nonconformist divine and author, Lasborough, (died 1636.) Yearsley, Ann, poetical milk-woman, Bristol, 1756.

MISCELLANEOUS REMARKS.

At Alderley, was buried, Chief Justice Sir Matthew Hale, and at Great Barrington, Lord Chancellor Talbot.

At Berkeley was born Dr. Edward Jenner (now resident at Cheltenham), the first introducer of Vaccine inoculation.-In the Castle is preserved the cabin furniture of the circumnavigator, Sir Francis Drake.-The murder of Edward II. is most poetically alluded to in "The Bard" of Gray.-In the church-yard is Swift's epitaph "On Dickey Pearce, the Earl of Suffolk's fool."

In Bristol Cathedral are monuments of Mrs. Elizabeth Draper, Sterne's "Eliza ;" of Powel the actor, with an epitaph by Colman; of Dame Harriet Hesketh, the friend and correspondent of Cowper; of the Rev. Samuel Love,

with an epitaph by Mrs. Hannah More; and of Mary wife of the Rev. William Mason, with the beautiful epitaph written by her husband.—In All Saints Church lie the remains of the philanthropist Colston, who expended upwards of 70,0001. in acts of benevolence.-In St. Mark's Church was buried the infamous Bedloe, associate of Titus Oates. In the church-yard of St. Peter's lies the unfortunate and imprudent Richard Savage. The present Poet Laureat (Southey), Coleridge, Cottle, and Mrs. Hannah More, are natives of Bristol. In Cirencester Church are the monuments of Allen first Earl Bathurst, (the friend of Atterbury, Addison, Bolingbroke, Prior, Swift, and Pope); and of his son Lord Chancellor Bathurst.

The Cotswold Games, instituted by Robert Dover, an attorney of Barton on the Heath, were of great celebrity in the reigns of James I. and Charles I. Ben Jonson, Drayton, and other poets of that age, wrote verses on those athletic exercises, which verses were collected in 1636, and published under the title of "Annalia Dubrensia."

At Eberton, was buried Sir John Fortescue, Chief Justice and Chancellor to Henry VI. author of "De laudibus legum Angliæ."

In Gloucester Cathedral, are two beautifully sculptured monuments, one of Alderman Blackleach and his wife; the other of Mrs. Morley; also a monument to Ralph Bigland, garter king at arms, author of "Collections for Gloucestershire," who died 1784.

At Minchin Hampton, was buried Dr. Bradley, the astronomer.

At Newent, in 1602, was buried Anne Wilson, aged 115; and at Longhope, in 1708, Thomas Bright, aged 124.

Rodmarton is the birth-place of the antiquaries, Samuel and Daniel Lysons. Saperton was the birth-place, residence, and burial-place, of Sir Robert Atkins, historian of his native county.

Tewkesbury was once celebrated for its mustard, which is alluded to in Shakspeare's Henry IV.

ON DRY-ROT.

"A disease known, is half removed."

MANY theories have been set

forth to account for the Dryrot; many too have been the remedies prescribed to cure, and-the means to prevent it: but I believe all have hitherto been alike unsuccessful; for although its nature may have hitherto eluded our search, yet I think its origin is not so obscure as to discourage our endeavours to discover it. I hope I may anticipate, that if the following Essay do not completely develope its nature, and preventative, that I shall have furnished materials, at least, that may enable others to supply these desiderata, now so greatly needful for our shipping and our dwellings.

I consider the Dry-rot to be the result of the Putrefactive Fermentation, which is modified and much accelerated by situation and circum

stances.

It will, I conceive, materially assist many persons (shipwrights especially) to comprehend the whole of the subject, by giving first a short general account of the Organisation of Trees.

Trees are organised bodies; being furnished with several sets of vessels, adapted to perform the several functions of elaborating, and circulating their vital fluids, and of respiration: they consist obviously of the roots, stem, branches, b'ark, and leaves; and these all contain vessels fitted to the functions each has to perform: it is generally agreed by Naturalists, that these are of three kinds, besides the respiring vessels of the leaves; namely, first, the common vessels; these are long cylindrical tubes, passing up through the root and bole, into the branches, and terminating in the leaves; and their office is to convey the sap into the elaboratory of the tree (the leaves); where it is changed into the peculiar juices of the plant; and is thence conveyed back again to the root by the second set, which are denominated the proper vessels, to nourish and supply aliment to the tree, for its growth, and form; annually, a new zone of wood around the tree; these vessels are situated principally in the internal bark, and cellular tissue above it; and are, like the former, long cylin

drical tubes, running from the leaves back into the root: the third set are the spiral vessels, accompanying the common vessels; and are supposed to be either absorbents, or air-yessels; but their office has not yet been clearly shewn. In trees, besides their vascular structure, two kinds of fluids are found, the sup, and peculiar juices: the sap is a fluid nearly as liquid as water, is imbibed by the roots from the soil, and is conveyed, as before, stated, by the common vessels through the tree the peculiar juices are the sap concocted, and changed by the leaves: they are found in the proper vessels, and are thus fitted to become the aliment of the tree.

Having now related, of the physiology of trees, what I consider necessary in this short disquisition, it will be proper to take a view of the method of Nature, in conducting her vegetable offspring to their final growths and uses. All things change' is her motto, and wherever we turn we find ample proofs of its truth: the plant originates from the seed of its parent, is fed by its ashes, passes through the various stages of germination and vegetation, scatters the germs of a new generation, and finally nourishes its own offspring after the manner itself was supplied.

All vegetable substances, when left to themselves, undergo the putrefac tive fermentation; or in other words they are gradually decomposed, and decay. It is necessary to this end, that water should be present, and that the temperature should not be below 45°, nor so high as to evaporate the water hastily. This process therefore depends upon the presence of moisture and heat; but the moisture must not be perpetually renewing; neither may the subject be submersed, nor the heat too great. Any temperature between 45° and 90° assists this process, and the nearer it approaches the maximum, the more rapid will be the process. When these circumstances meet in a tree which has passed its age of maturity, or in timber, the elementary parts of the water, the oxygen and hydrogen gases, attracted by and attracting the principles of the wood, aided by heat, (and this heat is generated by the moist vegetable substance, as is exemplified in the case of damp hay or saw-dust) separate; and the fer

menting and vegetating principle, oxygen gas, begins to act the consequences of this action are, the formation of water, the springing forth of fungus*, which owes its origin to the action of the oxygen gas upon the sap and juices of the tree (and be it remembered, that timber, as now felled and used, is loaded with them), that stimulus, assisted by the heat generated, exciting an unnatural or abortive vegetation of these, in consequence of the tree not possessing its complete organs to modify the vegetation; gaseous matter is also generated (carbonic acid gas); the loss of the weight and cohesion of the wood ensues, and this process is carried on until the whole vegetable matter has undergone a complete change; the organic texture is at last destroyed, and there results a heap of unorganised carbonaceous

matter.

It now remains to shew that the putrefaction of wood, and the Dryrot, are one and the same process, under different modifications: this I shall endeavour to do by comparing the cases.

The agents then in the first case are water, and heat; the agents in the second case are the same.

The circumstances are alike; being only more favourable to its rapidity in the second. It is found in the first, that when the water is frequently renewed, or the wood is submersed, that it proceeds very slowly, or not at all; and when the wood is kept dry, it does not occur. In the second case these circumstances affect in the same manner those parts of a ship that are covered with water, as the floors and keel, very rarely have Dryrot; and those parts that are kept dry by being exposed to the sun and air, are also free from it; except, indeed, when they happen to be continuations of timbers, the lower ends of which are in situations favouring the change. Again, a high temperature is a favourable circumstance in

It is, I think, worthy of remark, animal matter is productive of anithat the putrefactive fermentation of mals of inferior organisation to their parent: thus the varieties of maggots are the production of that process, in man and brute; so the fungi in their varieties, owe their origin to the same

cause.

paired before the decay has proceeded so far, yet it may be traced; it is not unusual to find the centre of a timber reduced to an impalpable powder.

The result is similar, being a mass of carbonaceous powdery matter.

Having thus compared the two cases, and found the agents, phenonemena, and results the same, the conclusion is irresistible, that they are the same process.

Form of Thanksgiving for the Preservation of the Regent.

the first case; so it is in the second, as is exemplified in the case of sending newly built ships into hot climates; where they are remarked to decay in a rapid manner. Moisture is applicable in the same manner; let us notice those parts of ships most infected, and we shall find that there heat and moisture prevail: from the heads of the first futtocks up to the gun-deck beams, along the dead-wood, in the stern-frame, in the cant-bodies fore and aft, its ravages are most remarkable; and precisely in those situations do heat and moisMr. URBAN, ture most prevail: there is a diffeMay 1. rence in situation and of circum- for the Truth, and your S I am certain of your venerastances in the latter case, which will account for its amazing rapidity, namely, the shutting up the timber in a damp state, as it were in a box; and surrounding it with a damp, heated, and stagnant atmosphere; this must, according to the nature of the thing, cause it to decay faster than that which has the advantage of an occasional renewal of water and of air, and the frequent action of the sun's rays.

The phenomena are the same; being slightly modified by circumstance and situation, and passing with greater rapidity. In the first case they are the occasional appearance of fungi; the extrication of carbonic acid gas; the formation of water; the reduction of the weight, solidity, and loss of the strength of the wood; and the destruction of its fibrous and organic texture.

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In the second case these are also the phenomena: the fungus is always found to precede it; this is so notorious, that it has been supposed by many to be the cause of it. The extrication of carbonic acid gas is also constantly found; this is evident from the unwholesome state of the atmosphere of ships below the gun deck, when rotten; especially if they have not been ventilated for some siderable time. The loss of weight, strength, and solidity of the timber, are its principal and most obvious characteristics. The formation of water is found one of its indications, as frequently, before fungus appears, the surface of the timber is covered with moisture. The destruction of the fibrous and organic texture is not so generally seen, because the ships are generally opened, and re

attachment to that which we are
told is "the pillar and ground" of
it, I do not doubt that, if you think
they are vindicated in the following
Letter, you
will insert it in your Mis-
cellany for the present month. F. H.
To the Right Honourable the
Earl of Albemarle.
Vicarage, Okehampton,
April 10.
I trouble you with this to answer a
question which your Lordship is said
to have asked at the late County meet-
ing at Norwich.

My Lord,

The Times Newspaper of April 7, reports that your Lordship said,

"It had been admitted on all sides that it [the attack on the Prince Regent] was no indication of disloyalty in the great body of the people, although Ministers had at first attempted su to construe it; and the Church was profaned by an open assertion that it was so.(Hisses and applause.) Had not the Church, he asked, directly charged the People of England with madness?"

And I am astonished to find, that although the Reverend Mr. Glover made an "energetic address," your Lordship's question did not receive the decided negative which I now give to it.

I am not ignorant that something of the kind came from an Honourable Baronet in a certain Assembly. I had two reasons for not noticing it then. The first, your Lordship will readily imagine, arose from the place; the other, which I presume equally influenced all the Members of that Assembly, arose from the man.

As the bell clinketh, So the thinketh, said the wisdom of our ancestors. No, I am well aware that the Baronet is as certain

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