bladed gage, which was a snug sliding fit on the inside of the eight inch pipe, was attached to a reel of fine steel piano wire. The gage was lowered into the drop pipe, the piano wire leading up and through the point which had been established in the tower of the pump house twenty-six feet, eleven and one-quarter inches above the well head flange. From this point the wire was led over a pulley and down to a drum near the floor. A ten pound sash weight was hung to the three bladed gage, thus insuring a proper tension to the piano wire. By unwinding the drum carrying the piano wire, the gage could be lowered to any desired point in the

Sketch Showing Our Position of Plumb Line. and Method of Computing Radial Deflections

drop pipe. The amount that the center of the drop pipe was out of plumb at any position could be determined by measuring the distance of the piano wire at the pump head flange from the north and south and east and west lines, which were stretched across the face of the flange to determine its center. Readings were taken at each eleven feet of depth. The actual readings taken from the positions of the piano wire at the face of the flange are given in inches under "top deflections." The radical deflection is the actual distance of the wire from the center of the flange. Under "total deflection" are given the corresponding distances of the position of the gage in the drop pipe, also in inches.

Profiles of the projections of the center line of the drop pipe on east and west and north and south planes were platted. The projection on the north and south plane is prac

tically plumb for the fire one hundred and forty feet. On the east and west plane there is a uniform slope of the center line starting at the very top of the well. It is evident that the upper part of the drop pipe is not plumb. It would not be possible for the drop pipe to come into contact with the inside of the well casing so near the surface of the ground. If the well casing were plumb or very nearly so and the eight inch drop pipe given the slant that is shown, it would come in contact with the casing at a point one hun

dred and forty or one hundred and fifty feet below the top. At this point, then, is a change in the direction of the center line of the drop pipe as projected on the east and west plane and a very marked change in the projection on the north and south plane. The profiles show that the center line of the drop pipe is not absolutely plumb. The profiles do not show any sudden changes in direction and there is no reason why so flexible a construction as the rods which are being

PLUMB LOG

Deep Well Drop Pipe, Audubon, Iowa, July 23, 1914

used in this well should not work freely without undue binding or cramping.

The horizontal scale used in plotting the profiles is very much larger than the vertical scale. On the horizontal scale one inch equals twenty inches, while on the vertical scale one inch equals twenty feet. Had the same scale been used for the vertical dimensions as for the horizontal, the profile would have been very long and the apparent sudden change in direction of the north and south profile at one hundred and fifty feet and at one hundred and ninety-four feet would have been so reduced as to be hardly appreciable.

Notes on Using Kerosene

JAMES A. KING

The fuel question is growing vital. The question now is, how can I reduce the cost of running my engine? There are two general answers: one is, use cheaper fuel; the other is, use your fuel more economically.

Kerosene is the most attractive of all the future fuels. It is much cheaper than gasoline; it can be had at any country cross roads store; it is safer to store and handle.

But the great question to the average man is: how can I use it in my gasoline engine? Certain characteristics of kerosene as compared to gasoline must be understood in considering the answer to that question.

It is heavier than gasoline. For that reason the needle valve of the carburetor must be opened wider when using it than when using gasoline. This is necessary in order that the "suction" of the piston-which is constant-can draw out the proper quantity for a charge.

It does not vaporize nearly so readily as does gasoline. In order for an engine to properly explode its charge and get the most from this explosion, the fuel that is being used must be thoroughly vaporized and mixed with the air before ignition takes place.

Vaporization consists primarily in two distinct operations. First the suction draws the fuel from the fuel cham