of proscription, and frequently put to death | try. Constantine, the ancient Cirta, has a incumbents, for the sake of opening state population of about 30,000. offices to his partisans. He held a court of justice on four days in the week, where proceedings were summary, and condemnation was followed by punishment at no long interval. By the capitulation of the dey, the French became possessed "of the city of Algiers, and the forts and harbors depending on it." No mention was made of the provinces, or of the native tribes in the interior, over which the authority of the dey was little else than nominal. Ahmed Bey of Constantine and the Bey of Titteri refused allegiance, and were not subdued for several years. The grasping policy of the French alienated the Arab tribes moreover. In May, 1833, Abdel-Kader, the Emir of Mascara, took up arms against the invaders, and his leadership was soon recognized by all the Arabs. The contest between him and the French was not closed till December, 1847, when he surrendered and was sent with his family and attendants to France. There he remained a prisoner, treated however with much courtesy, till October, 1852, when he was released by Louis Napoleon. He swore upon the Koran never to disturb Africa again, and was to reside thenceforward at Broussa, in Asia Minor. In consequence of the earthquake at that place, Feb. 28th, 1855, he removed to Constantinople. The French keep a large army in the colony. The European emigration settled in Algeria up to 1852, amounted to about seventy thousand, and it has since been rapidly augmented. The native races of the country consist of Berbers or Kabyles (the aboriginal inhabitants), Arabs, Moors, Kooloolis (descendants of Turks), Jews (who flocked hither when extirpated from Spain and Portugal), and negro slaves from Soudan. Slavery has been abolished by the French. The population of the city of Algiers in 1852 was 54,041, of whom 24,649 were native Mussulmans and Jews. The French have much improved its appearance; they have opened wide streets and squares, built fine houses in the European style, hotels, coffee-houses, a theatre, &c. The activity of the new settlers will soon change the look of the whole coun ALHAMBRA was the fortified palace of the Moorish kings of Granada, a possession to which they clung with their latest grasp, and which was the best beloved spot in their terrestrial paradise. The meaning of the Moorish name is 'the red,' and it was so called from the deep red brick of which the pile is built. The Spanish term it the Sierra del Sol, because, from its situation on an eminence, it catches and reflects the first beams of the rising sun. The palace composes but a small portion of the fortress, whose walls encompass the crest of a lofty hill rising from the Sierra Nevada, or 'snowy mountain.' The fortress was at one time capable of containing forty thousand men. The Alhambra originally consisted of a summer palace and a winter palace. The latter was pulled down to make room for the palace commenced and never finished by Charles V. The pile that remains exhibits traces of the splendor of the arts among the Moors. A striking portion of the palace is the Court of Lions, which is a hundred feet in length, and fifty in breadth, surrounded by a beautiful colonnade seven feet broad at the sides, and ten at the ends Two splendid porticoes, fifteen feet square, project into this court. The square is paved with tiles, the colonnade with white marble. The walls are covered with arabesques. The columns upon which the roof and gallery rest, are grotesquely ornamented and irregularly distributed. Over the columns is inscribed in Cufic characters, "And there is no conqueror but God." The capitals abound with curious devices. The fountain consists of twelve ill-shaped lions, bearing on their backs a large basin, out of which rises a smaller one. Here water gushed from the inner basin, and, passing through. the lions, communicated by channels with other apartments. The fountain is of white marble and inscribed with Arabian distiches, like the following: "See'st thou how the water flows copiously like the Nile?" fair princess that walks by this garden, covered with pearls, ornaments its beauty so much, that thou mayest doubt whether it be a fountain that flows or the tears of her admirers." "The he was called the 'lion of the Lord,' the The hall beyond the colonnade on the south | eyes, dash in his jaws, break his legs, and side was the place chosen by Boabdil for the tear up his belly. O prophet, I am thy execution of the chiefs of the Abencerrages, vizier." So well did he keep his word, that and their bleeding heads fell, as fast as they were decapitated, into the limpid waters of the fountain. The hall of the Two Sisters (Torre de las dos Hermanas) was named from two beautiful slabs of white marble, inserted in the pavement. El Tocador, or the Tiring Tower, was appropriated to the toilette of the sultana, who in one part had a marble slab in the floor perforated with holes, to admit vapor and perfumes for the purification of her person. The king's bed-chamber was furnished with fountains to cool the atmosphere, and the royal baths were commodious and superb. Beneath were vaults used as a cemetery by the Moorish monarchs. The regret of the Moors at leaving this place, which wealth, art, and taste had brought to such splendor, can easily be conceived. They never ceased to offer up prayers in their mosques for their restoration to Granada. After it fell into the hands of the believers, Alhambra continued to be a royal demesne. Charles V. abandoned it as a residence in consequence of earthquakes; and Philip V., with his beautiful queen, Elizabeth of Parma, was the last royal tenant of this princely abode. Subsequently it became infested by a lawless population; this was expelled; but, owing to culpable negligence, the palace was permitted to fall into decay, from which the Moorish portion was partially rescued by the exertions of the French troops garrisoned in it from 1810 to 1812. The French, on their departure, blew up part of the walls of the fortress, and destroyed its importance as a military post. To the historian, the poet, the antiquary, and the artist, this relic of Moorish splendor possesses an indisputable interest. Nothing could be more plain and unattractive than its exterior, but within it was probably the most gorgeous specimen of Moorish architecture and decoration that has ever existed. ALI, the cousin and son-in-law of Mahomet. When Mahomet, assembling his kinsmen, and making known to them his pretended mission, asked who would be his vizier, Ali, then only fourteen years of age, started up and exclaimed: "I will! Let but a man advance against thee, I will pluck out his ALI, Pacha of Janina, commonly called Ali Pacha, was born in Albania, in 1744, and at the age of sixteen, headed the followers whom the death of his father left with no other leader. In frecbooting he was so unsuccessful, that he was forced to pawn his sabre to keep himself from starving. As he was sitting, ruminating upon his hard luck, and carelessly turning up the ground with his staff, he struck upon something hard. Curiosity induced him to search further, and he dug up a chest of gold! He now equipped a band of followers whose cruelty and rapacity made them formidable. Having rendered some service to the Porte, he obtained the pachalic of Janina in southern Albania, and maintained himself in almost independent sovereignty. He subjugated the Suliotes, became a formidable military potentate between 1790 and 1821, and raised Albania to power and renown that recalled the memory of its ancient Epirote princes. Having declared himself independent, and his capital, Janina, being taken, he was put to death by order of the sultan, in 1822. He was brave and able, but cruel, rapacious, false, ambitious, and suspicious. He had a Greek lady, Euphrosyne, and fifteen other women thrown into the sea, because he suspected that they exerted an undue influence over his son. If he wished to possess himself of a beautiful Greek girl, he sent his executioner to her parents, with this message, "Your daughter has found favor in the eyes of Ali." They were forced to surrender her, or fly. ALLEN, ETHAN, brigadier-general in our revolutionary army, was born in Litchfield, Conn., Jan. 10th, 1737. His parents removed to Vermont, when he was quite young. In the contest between the settlers of Vermont and the colony of New York, which began about 1770, he took so active a part that he was outlawed by New York and five hundred guineas were offered for his capture. Soon after the battle of Lexington, in compliance with the request of the legislature of Connecticut, he headed two hundred and thirty Green Mountain boys, and marched against the fortresses of Ticonderoga and Crown Point. At Castleton he was to have been joined by a reinforcement under Benedict Arnold, but the latter, unable to raise the proposed force, set forward with the Spartan band of Allen. On the night of the 9th of May, 1775, Allen landed eighty-three men near Ticonderoga, having with difficulty procured boats for that purpose. Day surprised him before his rear-guard was brought over, and he found himself compelled to attack the fort. He concluded an animated speech by saying, "I am going to lead you forward. The attempt is desperate. I wish to urge no man onward against his will. Those who will follow me, poise firelocks!" Every firelock was immediately poised. "On then, my boys!" said Allen, and led the central file to the wicket gate. He was opposed by a sentry, but brought his men through the covered way, and formed them on the parade. The huzzas of the assailants roused the commanding officer, Captain de la Place, from bis slumbers. He awoke to find Allen holding a drawn sword over his head and demanding the surrender of the fortress. "In whose name?" asked the commander. "In the name of the Great Jehovah, and the Continental Congress." On the same day, by the capture of Crown Point, and the only armed vessel on Lake Champlain, that important lake was placed in Allen's power. denly, at his estate at Colchester, Feb. 13th, 1789. He published some pamphlets, one of which contained an open declaration of infidelity. He adopted the most absurd ideas of the ancients, with regard to the transmigration of souls, often saying that he expected to live again in the form of a large white horse; but if we may believe the following anecdote, his atheism was insincere. When his daughter was dying, she sent for him, and said, "Father, I am about to die: shall I believe in what you have taught me, or in the Christian principles my mother teaches." After a moment of convulsive agitation, he replied, "Believe in what your mother has taught you.” ALLIANCES. Between the confederate Greeks, against Troy, B.C. 1194-84. Between the Romans and the Carthaginians, B.C. 508. Between the Athenians, Thebans, Corinthians, and Argives, against the Lacedemonians, B.C. 395. It is not a little remarkable, that in the long course of Roman conquest, not one well arranged and conducted alliance was formed and contributed to restrain her power. In modern ages, alliances in the true sense of the term, are recent. The crusades were really a species of alliance, but with very little of the system of modern alliances. The league of Cambray, formed Dec. 10th, 1508, between Louis XII. of France, Maximilian of Germany, Pope Julius II., and Ferdinand of Spain, against the Venetians, was the first of those coalitions so disastrous or beneficial, as the case may be, which have so deeply influenced modern European policy. By it Venice was forced to cede to Spain her possessions in the kingdom of Naples. Those of most importance since have been, a league between Henry VIII. of England and the Emperor Charles V., against Francis of France. The league of the princes of Germany in favor of Protestantism, at Smalcald, Dec. 22d, 1530. Between Francis I. of France and Sultan Solyman, against Charles V., 1536; renewed in 1542. Between Charles V. and Pope Paul III., against the Protestants, 1546. Between Spain, Venice, and Pope Pius V., against the Turks, 1570. Between England and the states-general of Holland, against Spain, 1578. Union of Utrecht, whereby began the Dutch republic of the Seven United Provinces, 1579. Evangelical league, In the autumn, in conjunction with Col. Brown, he attempted the reduction of Montreal, but being attacked by the British before Col. Brown's troops came up, he was defeated and made prisoner. He was treated with great barbarity in his captivity; carried to England, and then to Halifax; thence to New York, where he remained a year and a half, before he was exchanged. His health having been greatly impaired, he returned to Vermont, where he was appointed to command the militia. He indignantly rejected the bribes offered by the British to attempt a union of Vermont with Canada. He died sud and Prussia, March 17th, 1813. Sweden joined the grand alliance against Napoleon, March 13th, 1813. Alliance of Toplitz between Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain, Sept. 13th, 1813. Holy Alliance, Alliance of England, France, and Turkey, against Russia, signed at Constantinople, March 12th, 1854; ratified by the first two powers, April 3d, 1854; joined by Sardinia, Jan. 26th, 1855. formed in 1626, between the Protestant | Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Saxony, Aug. princes of Germany and Denmark (Sweden 6th, 1806. Fifth, by Great Britain and afterward acceded), against the Emperor Austria, April 6th, 1809. Sixth, by Russia Ferdinand I. Triple alliance between England, Sweden, and the states-general of Holland, against France, 1668. Alliance of the empire and Holland against France, July 15th, 1672. League of Augsburg against France, July 11th, 1686. Grand alliance between Austria, Russia, and Prussia, 1815. between Emperor Leopold I., the states-general of Holland, and William III. of England, against France, May 12th, 1689. First treaty of partition, between England and Holland, for regulating the Spanish succession, 1698. Second treaty of partition, between France, England, and Holland, declaring the Archduke Charles heir presumptive of the Spanish kingdom, 1700. Alliance of Germany, England, and Holland, against France, Spain, and Portugal, 1701. Barrier treaty of Antwerp, between Germany, Holland, and England, by which the Low Countries were ceded to the empire, Nov. 15th, 1715. Quadruple alliance between Great Britain, France, Germany, and Holland, to guarantee the succession of the reigning families in Great Britain and France, and to settle the partition of the Spanish monarchy, Aug. 2d, 1718. Defensive alliance between Great Britain and Prussia, 1742. Between Great Britain and Prussia, Feb. 16th, 1756; renewed April 11th, 1758, without any regular compact. France, Austria, Russia and Sweden, were at the epoch of the last mentioned alliance between Great Britain and Prussia, actually in the field against Prussia. To the United States, if not to the world, the most important of all alliances or confederations was that of the British North American colonies. This great union, not for war, but defense, after many incipient steps, was formed in 1775; announced to the world as free and independent, July 4th, 1776; received the general name of the United States, by a resolution of Congress, Sept., 1776, and was consummated by the adoption of a federal constitution of government, March 3d, 1789. First coalition against France, by Great Britain, Prussia, Austria, Sardinia, &c., 1793. Second, by Great Britain, Germany, Russia, Naples, Portugal, and Turkey, June 22d, 1799. Third, by Great Britain, Austria, and Naples, Aug. 5th, 1805. Fourth, by Great ALLSTON, WASHINGTON, was born in Charleston, S. C., Nov. 5th, 1779. He fitted for college at Newport, R. I., and entered Harvard University in 1796, graduating four years after. He had inherited a handsome patrimony, and he determined to devote himself to art. For this purpose he repaired to London in 1801, and entered as a student in the Royal Academy. Benjamin West, who had just succeeded Sir Joshua Reynolds as president of the institution, warmly wel comed his young countryman. Two years were well spent in London; then Allston enriched his pencil awhile amid the rich collection of the Louvre, richer than ever with the spoils that Napoleon had borne there; and soon after we find him settled in Rome, where he dwelt four years. There he formed an acquaintance with Coleridge, which became a close friendship. He studied his art diligently, and by fellow-artists was held in high esteem. He returned to America in 1809. The public mind was absorbed in politics, and Art could not gain its attention. Allston had married, and needed that the profession in which his genius and skill were so great, should support him. After two years' trial he repaired to London again. There he was embarrassed by the hostilities which arose between the two countries. He lost heart, was laid low by a long and serious, illness, and had but a little while recovered when he was bereft of his cherished and lovely consort. When again he resumed the pencil, he found his pictures sought for by the most approved judges, and he was no less beloved for the qualities of his heart than admired for his genius. He returned to America in 1818, and for the remaining |