73. On the opening of the campaign the next year (1780) the British troops left Rhode-Ifland. An expedition under Ceneral Clinton and Lord Cornwallis, was undertaken against Charleston, South Carolina, where General Lincoln commanded. This town, after a clofe fiege of about fix weeks, was fur. rendered to the British commander; and General Lincoln, and the whole Ametient garrison, were made prifoners.

74. General Gates was appointed to the command in the fouthern department, and another army collected. In Auguft, Lord Cornwallis attacked the American troops at Camden, in South-Carolina, and routed them with confiderable lofs, He afterwards marched through the fouthern ftates, and supposed them entirely fubdued,

75. The fume fummer, the British troops made frequent in. curfions from New. York into the Jerfies; ravaging and plunder. ing the country. In one of thefe defcents, the Rev. Mr. Caldwell, a refpectable clergyman and warm patriot, and his lady, were inhumanly murdered by the favage foldiery.

76. In July, a French fleet, under Monfieur de Ternay, with a body of land forces, commanded by Count de Rochambeau, arrived at Rhode Island, to the great joy of the Americans.

77. This year was alfo diftinguished by the infamous treason of Arnold. General Washington having some bufinefs to tranf. aft at Weathersfield in Connecticut, left Arnold to command the important poft of Weft.Point, which guards a pass in Hud. fon's river, about fixty miles from New York. Arnold's con duct in the city of Philadelphia, the preceding winter, had been cenfured; and the treatment he received in confequence, had given him offence.

78. He determined to take revenge; and for this purpose, he entered into a negociation with fir Henry Clinton to deliver Weft-Point and the army, into the hands of the British. While General Washington was abfent, he difmounted the cannon in fome of the forts, and took other steps to render the taking of the poft eafy for the enemy.

79. But by a providential difcovery, the whole plan was de feated. Major Andre, aid to General Clinton, a brave officer, who had been fent up the river as a spy, to concert the plan of operations with Arnold, was taken, condemned by a court.martial, and executed.

80. Arnold made his efcape by getting on board the Vul ture, a British veffel, which lay in the river. His conduct

has ftamped him with infamy and like all traitors, he is defpi fed by all mankind, General Washington arrived in camp juft after Arnold had made his escape, and refored orders in the garrifon.

81. After the defeat of General Gates in Carolina, General Greene was appointed to the command in the fouthern department. From this period, things in that quarter wore a more favorable afpect. Colone! Tarleton, the active commander of the British legion, was defeated by General Morgan, the intre. pid commander of the riflemen.

82. After a variety of movements, the two armies met at Guilford, in North-Carolina. Here was one of the best fought actions during the war. General Greene and Lord Cornwa'lis exerted themselves at the head of their refpective armies, and altho the Americans were obliged to retire from the field of battle, yet the British army fuffered an immenfe lofs, and could not pursue the victory. This action happened on the 15th of March, 1782.

83. In the fpring, Arnold, who was made a brigadier general in the British fervice, with a small number of troops failed for Virginia, and plundered the country. This called the attention of the French fleet to that quarter; and a naval engagement took place between the English and French, in which fome of the English fhips were much damaged, and one entirely difabled.

84. After the battle at Guilford, General Greene moved to. wards South Carolina, to drive the British from their posts in that state. Here Lord Rawdon obtained an inconfiderable advantage over the Americans near Camden.

85. But General Greene more than recovered this disadvantage, by the brilliant and fuccessful action at the Entaw Springs; where General Marian distinguished himself and the brave Colonel Washington was wounded and taken prifoner.

86. Lord Cornwallis finding General Greene fuccessful in Carolina, marched to Virginia, collected his forces, and fortified himself in Yorktown. In the mean time, Arnold made an in curfion into Connecticut, burnt a part of New. Londen, took Fort Grifwald by ftorm, and put the garrifon to the fword.

87. The garrifon confifted chiefly of men fuddenly collect ed from the little town of Groton, which, by the favage cr elty of the British officer who commanded the attack, loft, in one hour, almoft all its heads of families. The brave Colonel

Ledyard, who commanded the fort, was flain with his own fword, after he had furrendered.

88. The Marquis de la Fayette, the brave and generous nobleman, whofe fervices command the gratitude of every American, had been dispatched from the main army, to watch the mo tions of Lord Cornwallis in Virginia.

89. About the last of Auguft, Count de Graffe arrived with a large fleet in the Chefapeak, and blocked up the British troops. at Yorktown. Admiral Greaves, with a British fleet appeared off the Capes, and an action fucceeded, but it was not decifive.

90. General Washington had before this time, moved the main body of his army, together with the French troops, to the Southward; and as foon as he heard of the arrival of the French fleet in the Chesapeak, he made rapid marches to the head of Elk, where embarking the troops, he foon arrived at Yorktown.

91. A clofe fiege immediately commenced, and was carried en with fuch vigor, by the combined forces of America and France, that Lord Cornwallis was obliged to furrender. This glorious event, which took place on the 19th of October, 1781, decided the conteft in favor of America, and laid the founda tion of a general peace.

.92. A few months after the furrender of Cornwallis, the Bri tifh evacuated all their pots in South Carolina and Georgia, and retired to the main army in New-York.

93. The next fpring (1782) Sir Guy Carleton arrived in New York and took command of the British army in America. Immediately after his arrival, he acquanted General Washing ton and Congrefs, that negociations for a peace had been commenced at Paris.

94. On the 30th of November, 1782, the provifional articles! of p peace were figned at Paris, by which Great Britain acknow. ledged the independence and fovereignty of the United States. of America.

95. Thus ended a long and arduous conflict, in which Great. Britain expended near a hundred millions of money, with an hundred thousand lives, and won nothing. America endured every cruelty and diftrefs from her enemies; loft many lives and much treasure--but delivered herself from a foreign dominion, and gained a rank among the nations of the earth,

AMERICAN SELECTION.

LESSONS IN SPEAKING.

327

ORATION, delivered at Bolton, March 5, 1772, by Dr. JOSEPH WARREN ; in commemoration of the evening of the fifth of March, 1770; when a number of citizens were killed by a party of British troops, quartered among them, in time of peace

Wine and fall of itates and empires; the mighty revo

HEN we turn over the hiftoric page, and trace the

lutions which have so often varied the face of the world, ftrike our minds with folemn furprife, and we are naturally led to fearch for the causes of fuch aftonishing changes.

2. That man is formed for focial life, is an obfervation, which upon our first enquiry, prefents itfelf to our view. Govern ment has its origin in the weakness of individuals, and hath for its end, the frength and fecurity of all; and fo long as the means of effecting this important end, are thoroughly known, and re tigioully attended to, government is one of the richeft bleffings to mankind, and ought to be held in the higeft veneration.

3. In young and new formed communities, the grand defign of this inftitution, is most generally understood, and molt ftrict. ly regarded; the motives which urged to the focial compact, cannot be at once forgotten, and that equality which is remem bered to have fubfifted fo lately among them, prevents thofe who are cloathed with authority from attempting to invade the freedom of their brethren; or, if fuch an attempt is made, it prevents the community from fuffering the offender to go unpun ihed

4. Every member feels it to be his intereft, and knows it to be his duty, to preferve inviolate the conftitution on which the public fafety depends, and is equally ready to affift the magif trate in the execution the laws, and the fubject in the defence of his right. So long as the noble attachment to a conftitu tion, founded on free and benevolent principles, exifts in full vig or, in any flate, that ftate must be flourishing and happy.

5. It was this noble attachment to a free conflitution which railed ancient Rome from the finalleft beginnings, to that bright fummit of happiness and glory to which he arrived; and it was the lofs of this which plunged her from that fummit, into the black gulph of infamy and flavery.

6. It was this attachment which infpired her fenators with wildom; it was this which glowed in the breast of her heroes s

it was this which guarded her liberties, and extended her do. minions, gave peace at home, and commanded refpect abroad; and when this decayed, her magistrates loft their reverence for juftice and laws, and degenerated into tyrants and oppreffors-her fenators forgetful of their dignity, and feduced by bafe corruption, betrayed their country-her foldiers, regardless of their relation to the community and urged only by the hopes of plunder and rapine, unfeelingly committed the most flagrant enormi. ties; and hired to the trade of death, with relentless fury they perpetrated the most cruel murders; by which the streets of imperial Rome were drenched with her noblest blood.

7. Thus this empress of the world loft her dominions abroad, and her inhabitants, diffolute in their manners, at length became contented faves; and fhe ftands to this day, the fcorn and de rifion of nations, and a monument of this eternal truth that public happiness depends on a virtuous and unfbaken attachment to a free conflitution.

8. It was this attachment to a conftitution founded on free and benevolent principles, which inspired the first settlers of this Country: they faw with grief the daring outrages committed on the free conftitution of their native land-they knew that no. thing but a civil war could at that time reftore its priftine pu rity.

9. So hard was it to refolve to embrue their hands in the blood of their brethren, that they chofe rather to quit their fair poffeffions, and feek another habitation in a diftant clime. When they came to this new world, which they fairly purcha fed of the Indian natives, the only rightful proprietors, they cultivated the then barren foil, by their inceffant labor, and defended their dear bought poffeffions with the fortitude of the chriftian, and the bravery of the hero..

10. After various ftruggles, which, during the tyrannic reigns of the house of STUART, were conftantly maintained be... tween right and wrong, between liberty and flavery, the connec tion between Great-Britain and this colony, was fettled in the reign of King William and Queen Mary, by a compact, the conditions of which were expreffed in a charter; by which all the liberties and immunities of British fubjects, were fecured to this province, as fully and as abfolutely as they poffibly could be by any human inftrument which can be devifed.

11. It is undeniably true, that the greatest and most im portant right of a British subject is, that he shall be governed