We extract the following entire from Mr. houses to the packers, is itself a large busiCist's work: ...66 240,000 ness, employing full fifty of the largest class of wagons, each loading from sixty to one hundred and ten hogs at a load. "The hogs are taken into the pork-houses 250,000 from the wagons, and piled up in rows as 213,000 high as possible. These piles are generally .287,000 close to the scales. Another set of hands 250,000 carry them to the scales, where they are usu .498,160 ally weighed singly, for the advantage of the 310,000 401,755 draught. They are taken hence to the Per cent. in Cincinnati ..43 ...47 ..68 ..70 ..71 ..80 .80 .324,529 blocks, where the head and feet are first struck off, no blow needing its repetition. The hog is then cloven into three parts, sepa rating the ham and shoulder ends from the middle. These are again divided into single hams, shoulders and sides. The leaf lard is then torn out, and every piece distributed with the exactness and regularity of ma chinery, to its appropriate pile. The tender. loins, usually two pounds to the hog. after affording supplies to families, who consume probably one-half of the product, are sold to the manufacturers of sausages. "The hogs raised for this market, are generally a cross of Irish, Grazier, Byfield, Berkshire, Russia and China, in such proportions as to unite the qualifications of size, tendency to fat, and beauty of shape to the hams. "The slaughter-houses of Cincinnati are in the outskirts of the city, are ten in number, and fifty by one hundred and thirty feet each in extent, the frames being boarded up with movable lattice-work at the sides, which is kept open to admit air, in the ordinary temperature, but is shut up during the intense cold, which occasionally attends the packing season, so that hogs shall not be frozen so stiff that they cannot be cut up to advantage. These establishments employ, each, as high as one hundred hands, selected for this business, which requires a degree of strength and activity that always commands high wages. "The hog, thus cut up into shoulders, hams and middlings, undergoes further trimming to get the first two articles in proper shape. The size of the hams and shoulders varies with their appropriate markets, and with the price of lard, which, when high, tempts the pork packer to trim very close, and, indeed, to render the entire shoulder into lard. If the pork is intended to be shipped off in bulk, or for the smoke house, it is piled up in vast masses, covered with fine salt, in the proportion of fifty pounds of salt to two hundred pounds weight of meat. If otherwise, the meat is packed away in barrels, with coarse and fine salt in due propor tions-no more of the latter being employed than the meat will require for immediate absorption, and the coarse salt remaining in the barrel to renew the pickle, whose strength is withdrawn by the meat, in process of time. The slaughterers formerly got the gut fat for the labor thus described, wagoning the "The different classes of cured pork, hogs more than a mile to the pork houses, packed in barrels, are made up of the differfree of expense to the owners. Every year, ent sizes and conditions of hogs-the finest however, enhances the value of the perqui- and fattest making clear and mess pork, sites, such as the fat, heart, liver, &c., for while the residue is put up into prime pork food: and the hoofs, hair and other parts for or bacon. The inspection laws require that manufacturing purposes. For the last two clear pork shall be put up of the sides, with years, from ten to twenty-five cents per hog the ribs out. It takes the largest class of have been paid as a bonus for the privilege hogs to receive this brand. Mess pork-all of killing. sides, with two rumps to the barrel. For "The hauling of hogs from the slaughter-prime-pork of lighter weight will suffice. Two shoulders, two jowls, and sides enough | States, for cooking, it answers the purpose to to fill the barrel, make the contents. Two which butter is applied in this country. It hundred pounds of meat is required by the inspector, but one hundred and ninety-six pounds, packed here, it is ascertained, will weigh out more than the former quantity in the eastern or southern markets. "The mess pork is used for the commercial marine, and the United States navy. This last class, again, is put up somewhat differently, by specifications made out for the purpose. The prime is packed up for ship use and the southern markets. The clear pork goes out to the cod and mackerel fisheries. The New-Englanders, in the line of pickled pork, buy nothing short of the best. "Bulk pork is that which is intended for immediate use or for smoking. The former class is sent off in flatboats for the lower Mississippi. It forms no important element of the whole, the great mass being sent into the smoke-houses, each of which will cure a hundred and seventy-five thousand to five hundred thousand pounds at a time. Here the bacon, as far as possible, is kept until it is actually wanted for shipment, when it is packed in hogsheads containing from eight hundred to nine hundred pounds, the hams, sides and shoulders put up each by themselves. The bacon is sold to the iron manufacturing regions of Pennsylvania, Kentucky and Ohio-to the fisheries of Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia, and to the coast or Mississippi region above New-Orleans. Large quantities are disposed of, also, for the cousumption of the Atlantic cities. Flatboats leave here about the first of July, and they all take down more or less bacon for the coast trade. "Of five hundred thousand hogs cut up bere during that season, the product, in the manufactured article, will be: Barrels of pork.. Pounds of bacon. 66 lard.. 180,000 .25,000,000 ..16,500,000 is shipped to the Atlantic markets, also, for local use, as well as for export to England and France, either in the shape it leaves this market, or in lard oil; large quantities of which are manufactured at the east. "There is one establishment here, which, beside putting up hams, &c., extensively, is engaged in extracting the grease from the rest of the hog. Its operations have reached, in one season, as high as thirty-six thousand hogs. It has seven large circular tanks-six of capacity to hold each fifteen thousand pounds, and one to hold six thousand pounds all gross. These receive the entire carcass, with the exception of the hams, and the mass is subjected to steam process, under a pressure of seventy pounds to the square inch; the effect of which operation is to reduce the whole to one consistence, and every bone to powder. The fat is drawn off by cocks, and the residuum, a mere earthy substance, as far as made use of, is taken away for manure. Besides the hogs which reach this factory in entire carcasses, the great mass of heads, ribs, back-Bones, feet, and other trimmings of the hog, cut up at different pork-houses, are subjected to the same process, in order to extract every particle of grease. This concern alone turned out, the season referred to, three million six hundred thousand pounds lard, five-sixths of which was No. 1. Nothing can surpass the purity and beauty of this lard, which is refined as well as made under steam processes. Six hundred hogs per day pass through these tanks, one day with another. "We follow now to the manufacture of lard oil, which is accomplished by divesting the lard of one of its constituent parts-stea rine. There are probably thirty lard oil factories here, on a scale of more or less impor tance. The largest of these, whose operations are probably more extensive than any heretofore, into lard oil and stearine, one hundred and forty thousand pounds monthly, all year round. the "These are the products, thus far, of the other in the United States, has manufactured, pork-houses' operations alone. That is to say, the articles thus referred to, are put up in these establishments, from the hams, shoul ders, sides, leaf lard, and a small portion of the jowls-the residue of the carcasses, which are taken to the pork-houses, being left to enter elsewhere into other depart ments of manufacture. The relative propor tions, in weight of bacon and lard, rest upon contingencies. An unexpected demand and advance in price of lard would greatly reduce the disparity, if not invert the proportion of these two articles. A change in the prospects of the value of pickled pork, during the progress of packing, would also reduce or increase the proportion of barreled pork to the bacon and lard. "The lard made here is exported in packages for the Havana market, where, besides being extensively used, as in the United "Eleven million pounds of lard were run into lard oil that year, two-sevenths of which aggregate made stearine; the residue, lard oil, or in other words, twenty-four thousand barrels of lard oil, of forty to forty-two gallons each. The oil is exported to the Atlantic cities and foreign countries. Much the larger share of this, is of inferior lard, made of mast-fed and still-fed hogs, and the material, to a great extent, comes from a distance, making no part of these tables. Lard oil, besides being sold for what it actually is, enters largely, in the eastern cities, into the adulteration of sperm oil; and in France, serves to reduce the cost of olive oil. The skill of the French chemists enables them to incorporate from sixty-five to seventy per cent. of lard oil with that of the olive. The presence of lard oil can be detected, however, by a deposit of stearine; small portions of which always remain with that article, and may be found at the bottom of the bottle. "We now come to the star candles, made of the stearine expressed from the lard in manufacture of lard oil. The stearine is subjected to hydraulic pressure, by which three-eighths of it is discharged as an impure olein. This last is employed in the manufacture of soap. Three million pounds of stearine, at least, have been made, in one year, into star candles and soap in these factories, and they are prepared to manufacture thirty thousand pounds star candles per day. The manufacture of 1847-48, embracing stearine from foreign lard, probably reached onehalf that quantity. "The value of all this depends, of course, on the foreign demand. In 1847 the pork, bacon, lard, lard oil, star candles, soap, bris tles, &c., exceeded six millions of dollars in value. For 1848, it had, probably, reached eight millions. But for the reduced prices which a greatly increased product always creates, it must far exceed that value. "From the slaughterers, the offal capable of producing grease, goes to another descrip- "The buildings in which the pork is put tion of grease extractors; where are also up, are of great extent and capacity, and taken hogs dying of disease or by accident, in every part thoroughly arranged for the and meat that is spoiling through unfavora- business. They generally extend from street ble weather or want of care. The grease to street, so as to enable one set of opera tried out here, enters into the soap manufac- tions to be carried on without interfering ture. Lard grease is computed to form with another. There are thirty-six of these eighty per cent. of all the fat used in the establishments, besides a number of minor making of soap. Of the ordinary soap one importance. hundred thousand pounds are made weekly, equal at four cents per pound, to two hundred thousand dollars per annum. This is exclusive of the finer soaps, and of soft soap, which are probably worth twenty-five per cent more. "Glue, to an inconsiderable amount, is made of the hoofs of the hogs. "The following are specimens of hogs and lots of hogs, killed in Cincinnati, this season and the last. Hogs. 7. 5. 22. 52. 50. Average weight lbs. .722 .640 .403 .377 ..375 "At the rear of these operations, comes bristle dressing for the Atlantic markets. This business employs one hundred hands, Of these were nine-one litter-weighing and affords a product of fifty-five thousand dollars. "Last of all is the disposition of what cannot be used for other purposes, the hair, hoofs, and other offal. These are employed in the manufacture of prussiate of potash, to the product of which, also, contribute the cracklings or residuum left, on expressing the lard. The prussiate of potash is used extensively in the print factories of New-England, for coloring purposes. The blood of the hog is manufactured into Prussian blue. "A brief recapitulation of the various manufactures out of the hog, at this point and date, presents: "Few, if any of these hogs, were over nineteen months old. The last lot is extraordinary-combining quantity and weighteven for the West. They were all raised in one neighborhood in Madison county, Kentucky, by Messrs. Caldwell, Campbell, Ross, and Gentry, the oldest being nineteen months in age. "The value of these manufacturing operations to Cincinnati, consists in the vast amount of labor they require and create, and 180,000 the circumstance that the great mass of that 25,000,000 labor furnishes employment to thousands, at 16,500,000 precisely the very season when their regular 1,200,000 avocations cannot be pursued. Thus, there 2,500,000 are, perhaps, fifteen hundred coopers engaged 6,200,000 in and outside of the city, making lard 8,800,000 kegs, pork barrels, and bacon hogheads: the 60,000 city coopers, at a period when they are not 1 needed on stock barrels and other cooperage, and the country coopers, whose main occupation is farming, during a season when the farms require no labor at their hands. Then there is another large body of hands, also agriculturists, at the proper season, engaged getting out staves and heading, and cutting hoop-poles, for the same business. Vast quantities of boxes of various descriptions, are made for packing bacon, for the Havana and European markets. Lard is also packed to a great extent, for export in tin cases or boxes, the making of which furnishes extensive occupation to the tin-plate workers. "If we take into view, farther, that the slaughtering, the wagoning, the pork-house labor, the rendering grease and lard oil, the stearine and soap factories, bristle dressing, and other kindred employments, supply abundant occupation to men, who in the spring, are engaged in the manufacture and hauling of bricks, quarrying and hauling stone, cellar digging and walling, bricklaying, plastering, and street paving, with other employments, which, in their very nature, cease on the approach of winter, we can. readily appreciate the importance of a business, which supplies labor to the industry of, probably, ten thousand individuals, who, but for its existence, would be earning little or nothing, one-third of the year. "The last United States census gave 26,301,293, as the existing number of hogs at that date. The principal increase since, is in the West, owing to the abundance of corn there; and that quantity may be now safely enlarged to forty-five millions. This is about the number assigned to entire Europe, in 1839, by McGregor, in his Commercial Dictionary; and there is probably no material increase there since, judging by the slow advance in that section of the world, in productions of any kind. "The number of hogs cut up in the valley of the Mississippi, will reach, for recent years, as an average, one million seven hundred thousand; of this, it will be seen, that twenty-eight per cent., or over one-fourth of the whole quantity, is put up for market in Cincinnati alone." Hogs Packed in the West.-The Cincinnati Price Current of last week compares the returns of hog raising for the past year as follows: 1849-50, 1,652,200; 1850-51, 1,332,867, thus showing a deficiency in number of 319,353. The deficiency in weight was 10 per ct. Last year the hogs averaged 205 lbs., while this year the average was only 185 lbs. According to this, the product of the two years would be as follows in pounds: This deficiency is equal to 552,839 hogs of this year's average, and the total is a fraction less than two-thirds of the number packed last year. The deficiency in the whole West, including number and weight, may therefore, we think, be put down with safety at one-third. In addition to the falling off in the number packed in the West, there is a deficiency of 60,000 in the hogs driven South. INDIANA-PROGRESS AND RESOURCES OF.-The Territorial Government of Indiana was formed in 1800; in 1805, the Territorial Legislature was organized; and in 1816, the state was admitted into the Union, and the present State Constitution formed, by a convention assembled at Corydon, for that purpose. Population in 1800, 4,651; in 1810, 24,520; in 1820, 147, 178; in 1830, 341,582; in 1840, 684,868; in 1845, about 766,034. The earliest settlement in the state was made at Vincennes, by a French colony, The who called the place Port Vincent. principal towns now in the state are NewAlbany, Madison, Vincennes, Terre Haute, Lafayette. The State of Indiana exhibits, in the exthe facilities of transportation by which it is tent and fertility of its territory, as well as by almost surrounded, extraordinary agricultural and commercial advantages. There is embraced in the state a territorial domain of about thirty-seven thousand square miles, in which is represented a soil of unusual fertility; and from more than half the counties that compose the state, the produce of the agriculturist may be transported from his farm by steam or flat-boats. The southern portion of the state is generally of a broken and uneven surface. A range of hills runs nearly parallel with the Ohio River, through the greater part of the state, alternately approaching and receding from the river, leaving frequently immense tracts of bottom-land of a rich alluvial soil. The south-western portion is exceedingly broken and hilly, abounding in abrupt rocky and precipitous cliffs. As we advance toward the interior, the hills disappear, and the surface assumes a more level and unbroken appearance, the soil partakes considerably of a clay nature, but is productive of the ordinary crops. As we approach nearer the centre of the state, we find a still more level region. The White-water valley is considered unsurpassed in the fertility and productiveness of its soil. Approaching north, the country is considerably rolling; a number of counties are, however, of a low and wet soil, composed of too much clay, which renders it cold and uncertain in its crops. The north-western portion of the state consists of several species of soil, and is characterized by a marked difference of scenery. A part is heavily timbered, consisting princi pally of walnut, maple, beach, buckeye, &c. A considerable part of this country is what is denominated" prairie." The soil composing this species of land is a deep vegetable mould, of exhaustless fertility. This soil is perhaps the most productive of any found in this part of the state, yielding very plentiful crops of the grain usually raised in the western states; corn, however, is the more abundant and favorite crop. Many of these prairies are exceedingly beautiful; the surface extends as far as the vision reaches, in sweeping undulations, interspersed with numerous groves, and delightfully variegated with rivers and small streams. In the spring and summer they are covered by a varied and luxuriant growth of herbage and fragrant wild flowers, of every tint and hue, which gives them an appearance of beauty beyond description. There is a species of land, differing from any yet mentioned, called " barrens," comprising a rolling country, with a dry, sandy, gravelly soil, with large trees growing from ten to fifty feet apart, then densely covered with an undergrowth of stunted oak, bushes, hazel, and other shrubbery. The soil is better adapted to the culture of wheat than any other species of soil in the state; it is both surer and more abundant in crops. Also, 3,200,000 pounds of tobacco; 2,027,OCO tons of hay; 500 tons of flax and hemp; 7,365,000 pounds of sugar. The productive. ness and opulence of the state will better ap pear by knowing the comparative standing with other states. In wheat and oats, Indiana is the sixth in the Union; in corn, the fifth; in potatoes, the ninth ; in hay, the third; in flax and hemp, the fourth; in tobacco, the sixth; in sugar, the third. The increasing facilities for transportation of produce, in addition to the advantages already mentioned, operate as a great incentive and stimulus to the agricultural interest. The Wabash and Erie Canal, the Madison and Indianapolis Railroad, (a company has been incorporated this winter to extend it to intersect the Wa bash and Erie Canal,) with the Central Canal, make an almost perfect internal communica tion, and must tend to realize, in various ways, the great commercial and agricultural prosperity that position and soil would indicate, and ultimately develop her yet hidden resources. The whole amount of foreign debt is as follows: Bonds, on which the State has to pay interest..... $11,090,000 Bonds on which the bank Interest due January 1, 1846 pays interest. 1,390,000 2,777,320 $15,257,320 The north-eastern portion of the state consists of heavily-timbered lands, interspersed with occasional small prairies and barrens. Some parts are low and marshy, too wet for cultivation, but could be reclaimed without great labor or expense, and be rendered araBle, and susceptible of the highest improve- Interest now due on six per The whole amount of the domestic debt is as follows: ment. There are numerous small lakes in the northern part of the state, the water of which is deep, clear, and exceedingly transparent, abounding with fish of different kinds. The mineral resources of Indiana are but partially developed; coal is found in different parts of the state in great abundance. There are also great quantities of iron ore. In 1840 there were about 57,700 dollars invested in the manufacture of iron. There are numerous salt springs of a superior quality. In 1840 there were about 6,400 bushels of salt manufactured in the state. Six per cent treasury notes cent. treasury notes (esti- Five per cent. treasury notes Interest now due on five per Loan from the bank, under Total amount of state debt... $491,435 The value of the taxable property in the it will be seen that the faith of the state state is estimated at $118,537,965: by which stands pledged for the ultimate payment of a debt nearly equal to one-seventh of the value of all its taxables. The amount of interest to be paid, annu stated treasury notes.. $556,220 29,486 It will be seen by this table, that the annual interest accruing upon the state debt (without including the interest falling due on 5,419,000 bushels. the bank bonds) is equal to one-half of one per centum of the value of all its taxable property. (1846.) 24,500,000 66 .11,587,000 66 3,573,000 |