Look up the meaning of the italicized words:

I.

EXERCISE 91

Wheat sways heavy, oats are airy,
Barley bows a graceful head,
Short and small shoots up canary,
Each of these is some one's bread;
Bread for man or bread for beast
Or at very least

A bird's savory feast.

II. The English sparrow is the pirate of the air, just as the rat is the freebooter of the earth, and ought to be exterminated. He studiously hunts and eats insects which are beneficial to plant life, while he passes over those which are harmful. The one good thing he does is to eat the seed of weeds and prevent their spread. More than that he is murderous. He hunts the nesting places and destroys the eggs and the young of the bluebird, house wren, tree swallow and barn swallow. The robin, the catbird and the mocking bird he attacks and drives out of parks and shade trees. He has no song, but he drives out the songbirds and brings only noise in return.

III. Consider, too, whether there is not something in this! It is an everlasting duty, valid in our day as in that, the duty of being brave. Valor is still value. The first duty for a man is still that of subduing fear. We must get rid of fear; we cannot act at all till then. Odin's creed, if we disentangle the real kernel of it, is true to this hour. A man shall and must be valiant; he must march forward and quit himself like a man, trusting imperturbably in the appointment and choice of the upper powers; and, on the whole, not fear at all. Now and always, the completeness of his victory over fear will determine how much of a man he is.

LESSON LXIII

CORRECT PRONUNCIATION

180. To the saying "A man is known by the company he keeps" may be added "and by his manner of speech. Correct pronunciation of words and refined diction are essentials in effective oral composition.

III. Read aloud the following groups of words:

LESSON LXIV

SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS

181. Words that have the same, or nearly the same, meaning are called synonyms.

Words that have opposite, or nearly opposite, meanings are called antonyms.

TO THE TEACHER. -In the following exercises the pupil should consult the dictionary for the exact meaning of the words, and then use the words in short sentences.

EXERCISE 93

I. Find among the following nouns those that have nearly the same meaning, and write them in groups: —

III. Find the synonyms among these adjectives:

IV. Find groups of synonyms among these verbs:

LESSON LXV

WORD BUILDING

182. A large majority of the words in the English language are formed from other words. If we know how to form several words from one word, we have a means of rapidly increasing our store.

A letter, syllable, or word joined to the beginning of a word to modify its meaning is called a prefix.

A letter, syllable, or word joined to the end of a word to modify its meaning is called a suffix.

In the word unfaithful, the syllable un is a prefix, and ful is a suffix.

TO THE TEACHER. - Pupils should practice on each prefix and suffix (1) by means of the words that follow; (2) by using each new word in a sentence; (3) by noticing similar uses of the given prefix or suffix in their reading lessons.

EXERCISE 94

Practice on the following prefixes:

I. Re before a verb means back or again; as, reappear

EXERCISE 95

Practice on these suffixes:

I. Ity, ty state or condition; as, fertility

= condition of being fertile. These endings added to adjectives usu

ally form abstract nouns (230).

Drop final e before ity.

jectives usually forms abstract nouns.

Change final y to i, unless the suffix begins with i.

III. Ship, dom, hood state, quality, or condition; as, friendship the state of being friends.

=

V. The suffixes able, ible, ble added to verbs form adjectives meaning can be, worthy of.