175. The results obtained from working Exercises 99, 100, and 101 may be shown in a table, thus :

176. These Pronouns are called Personal Pronouns.

The name is not altogether a good one for those of the Third Per son, because

(1) In the oldest English they were not Personal Pronouns (See par. 460).

(2) Those of the Neuter Gender do not stand for the names of persons.

Read again par. 30.

177. The Pronoun of the Second Person Singular (thou, with thy, thine, and thee) was formerly used

(1) When close friends were speaking to one another; as,

Falstaff.-Thou wilt be horribly chid to-morrow when thou comest to thy father; if thou love me practise an answer.

Prince Henry.-Do thou stand for my father.

SHAKESPEARE: First Part of King Henry IV., ii., 4.

(2) When a person was speaking to his servant or to some one else beneath him; as,

King Lear.-Follow me; thou shalt serve me; if I like thee no worse after dinner I will not part from thee yet.

SHAKESPEARE: King Lear, i., 4.

(3) When a person wished to be rude.

Thus, during the trial of Sir Walter Raleigh, Coke said to him, 'Thou art a monster; thou hast an English face but a Spanish heart .. for I thou thee, thou traitor.'

178. The Pronoun of the Second Person Singular is now used

(1) In poetry, as

Little lamb, who made thee?

Dost thou know who made thee?-Blake.

Sleep on, thou mighty brave,

A glorious tomb they've found thee.-Lyte.

(2) In speaking to God; as

O Lord, our Lord and spoiler of our foes;

There is no light but Thine; with Thee all beauty glows.

Keble.

179. The Pronoun of the Second Person Plural (you, with your and yours) is now used even when speaking to one person.' 180. Ye is now used in poetry only; as

The God ye never could offend ?-Sprague.

181. The translators of the authorized version of the Bible, and careful writers of their time used ye for the Nominative, and you for the Objective; as, Ye shall be named the Priests of

In modern languages generally the Second Person Singular seems to be avoided in polite speech. In German, French, and Italian, for example, the Second Person Singular is still used as it formerly was in English, but in speaking to equals or superiors Germans use the Third Person Plural, French people use the Second Person Plural, as we do, and the Italians use the Feminine Gender of the Third Person Singular; thus :

GERMAN.-Haben Sie das Pferd?
FRENCH.-Avez-vous le cheval?
ITALIAN. Ha Ella il cavallo?

Have you [literally they] the horse?' 'Have you [Plural] the horse?'

'Have you [literally has she] the horse?

This ella is really the Pronoun standing for the Feminine Noun eccellenza, excellency, and the sentence means 'Has it [that is your excellency] the horse?'

2 Swallows which flew into church during service.

the Lord; men shall call you the Ministers of our God.Isaiah lxi.,

6.

Careless writers did not observe this distinction. speare's Julius Cæsar' (iii., 1), for instance, we find

In Shake

182. A Pronoun is called Reflexive when, being the Object in a sentence, it stands for the Noun which is the Subject, or for the same Noun as the Pronoun which is the Subject.

Examples of Reflexive Pronouns.

183. It will be seen that the Reflexive Pronouns are formed by adding self (Singular) or selves (Plural) to some case of the Personal Pronouns. The self or selves, however, is not an essential part of the Reflexive Pronoun. The Personal Pronoun alone is sometimes used reflexively. This was more common

formerly, especially in poetry.

Examples.

I thought me richer than the Persian king.-Ben Jonson.

I do repent me.—Shakespeare (Merchant of Venice').

From the Latin re, back, and flexus, p. p. of flectere, to bend. A Reflexive Pronoun is used when the action is, so to speak, bent back upon the Subject, that is when the Subject and Object denote the same.

I'll lay me down and die.-Ballad.

Come, lay thee down.—Lodge.

The poor contents him with the care of heaven.-Pope.
Moses gat [got] him up into the mount.-Ex. xxiv., 18.
They were commanded to make them ready.-J. Fox.

Exercise 102.

a. Pick out the Reflexive Pronouns.

I struck myself with the hammer and hurt myself very much. Why do you not wash yourself, you dirty boy? The soldier held himself upright. The cat sees itself in the looking-glass. She almost hates herself for her stupidity. Help yourself and others will help you. The travellers found themselves in the middle of a deep wood. An adder does not sting itself. The jug did not break itself. The giant raised himself slowly. We cannot see ourselves as others see us.

b. Supply Reflexive Pronouns.

...

Little Mary burnt . . . Frank threw . . . on the ground. The children put.. to bed. He rid . . . of all his enemies. The hunters lost . . . in the forest. Hide . . . from the dogs. We laid . . . down on the grass.

...

184. The Pronouns compounded with self (or selves), besides being used reflexively, are used with Nouns or Personal Pronouns to give greater force to a statement. Thus, I myself saw it,' is a more emphatic sentence than ‘I saw it.'

185. The Pronoun thus used for emphasis may be separated from the word with which it goes. We can, for example, say 'John said so himself' or 'John himself said so.'

Exercise 103.

a. Pick out the Pronouns used with other words for emphasis.

I myself shot the rabbit. Tom himself brought the news. We ourselves have seen the wreck. You yourself must come. You yourselves must come. Mary herself made the frock. The dog itself rang the bell. The thieves themselves owned the fact.

I bought the book myself. You were asleep yourself. You were asleep yourselves. The men were enjoying themselves. The boy who complained was in fault himself. Jane, also, is writing herself.

b. Say whether the compounds of self or selves are used reflexively or emphatically.

I cut myself. I cut the twig myself. I bit myself. I myself bit that. Tom raised himself from the ground. Tom raised the heavy weight himself. Jack struck the first blow himself. Jack struck himself. The little girl lost herself in the crowded streets. The little girl found the thimble herself. We heard ourselves called. We ourselves heard the rumbling of the earthquake. You must help yourselves. You yourselves must attend. And I myself sometimes despise myself.

187. The Noun printed in italics in the second sentence can be replaced by a Personal Pronoun, thus :

188. By using a different kind of Pronoun we can combine the two sentences, thus :

That is the boy who broke the window.

That is the man whose window was broken.

Mary is the girl whom you want.

This is the house that Jack built.

The knife which was lost cost three shillings.

See 'Notes for Teachers,' p. 258, Note 24.