6 131. By noticing these sentences it will be seen that the Object can always be found by asking Whom?' or What?' after the Verb. Exercise 89. Analyse the following sentences: Soldiers fight battles. Tom missed Fred. Mary is minding baby. Job showed patience. Abraham had faith. Moses possessed meekness. Ravens fed Elijah. Solomon obtained wisdom. Romulus founded Rome. Cæsar invaded Britain. 132. As the Object, like the Subject, is a Noun (or some word which does the work of a Noun) Adjectives (or words which do the work of Adjectives) may be joined to it as to the Subject. Thus the sentence 'Boys learn lessons' may, by additions to the Object, become Boys learn the lessons. Boys learn their lessons. Boys learn home lessons. Boys learn difficult lessons. Boys learn lessons about Verbs. Boys learn their difficult home lessons about Verbs. The servant dusted every room carefully. The firemen water on the fire. Little Fred loves his kind sister dearly. threw tons of Tom's parrot bit boy my sis- yesterday whistles several tunes correctly. Nellie met her young cousin at the station. We saw our neighbour's three children in the park. Some thief stole the farmer's best horse. A clever policeman caught the artful thief. The heavy rains beat the ripe barley down. The gardener grows fine crops of potatoes. He won several valuable prizes. The tall poppies lifted their gay heads proudly. Exercise 91. In the following sentences supply Objects with or without Adjuncts: We have lost our . . . The dog has killed cook is making brave sailor saved skilful smith made ... The woodman felled The The The 133. Every Predicate has a Subject, but it is not every Predicate that has an Object. If the question Whom?' or 'What?' asked after the Verb gives no answer the Verb has no Object. Exercise 92. Pick out the Verbs which have Objects. William is reading a pretty story. The window has been broken. The child was sleeping. The cook made a nice pudding. The fire is burning brightly. The soldier was wounded in the arm. The girl has found her father. I am looking for my cap. She met her friend at the fair. Mr. Jones lives in Leicester. My father loves me. Jane's new frock has been torn. The carpenter made a wheelbarrow. The wind is blowing fiercely. Tom was beaten. We should love our enemies. 134. The same Verb may have an Object in one sentence and no Object in another; thus:- James is writing. 'Is writing what?' No answer; therefore no Object. James is writing a letter. 'Is writing what?' A letter; therefore an Object, letter. Exercise 93. Pick out the sentences which contain Objects. Mary woke. Mary woke her mother. Tom is reading 'Robinson Crusoe.' Tom is reading. The rain was beating against the window. The driver was beating his horse. The waves broke on the shore. The poor man broke his arm. Doctors formerly bled their patients. The wound bled freely. That clock strikes loudly. Jane knits. Jane knits stockings for her father. The workmen are digging. The workmen are digging a ditch. 135. The principal word in the Object, when a Noun or Pronoun, is said to be in the Objective Case. 136. In parsing say that the Noun or Pronoun is in the Objective Case governed by the Verb. Exercise 94. Pick out the Nouns and Pronouns in the Objective Case in Exercises 89 and 13, and say by what Verb each is governed. Work again Exercises 56 and 57. 137. Prepositions as well as Verbs govern the Objective Case. The Objective Case is found by asking Whom?' or 'What?' after the Preposition; thus : Ellen is with her father. Preposition, with. With whom? Her father. Father is in the Objective Case governed by the Preposition with. 138. Every Preposition must always have a Noun or Pronoun. in the Objective Case going with it. Exercise 95. In Exercise 57 pick out the Prepositions and say what Nouns or Pronouns they govern in the Objective Case. POSSESSIVE CASE. 139. In the sentence William lost John's knife,' John is the name of the possessor (or owner), and knife is the name of the thing possessed (or owned). 140. Notice how the name of the possessor is written in the following examples :- Singular. A bird's wings The man's hat Moses' life For goodness' sake Plural. The birds' wings 141. The form of the Noun (or Pronoun) which is used to show that something belongs to the person or thing named is called the Possessive Case. 142. The Possessive Case of a Noun in the Singular Number is formed by adding an apostrophe (') and s; as, 'The bird's wing,' The man's hat.' 6 เ 143. If the Noun in the Singular Number already ends in a hissing sound the s of the Possessive is often left out: as in 'Moses' law,' ' Euripides' plays,' Socrates' questions,' For goodness' sake,' For conscience' sake,' In justice' cause,' For Jesus' love.' 144. The putting in or leaving out of the s in such cases is very much a matter of taste. We can say 'James's book' or 'James' book.' 'Moses's law' would sound disagreeable to most people; perhaps 'The law of Moses,' 'The plays of Euripides,' 'The questions of Socrates' would be the better forms. 145. When the Noun in the Plural ends in s the Possessive is shown by adding an apostrophe only as Birds' wings,' 'Boys' games.' When the Noun does not end in s an apostrophe and s are added as Men's gloves,'' Children's books.' 6 146. The names of things are rarely put in the Possessive Case, the Objective Case with of being used. We say 'A man's leg,' 'A horse's leg,' but 'The leg of a table,' not ' A table's leg.' 147. The Noun upon which the Possessive Case depends is sometimes understood.' Thus, I am going to stay at Brown's for a week,' means 'I am going to stay at Brown's house; 'St. Peter's' probably means 'St. Peter's Church.' 148. After a Pronoun in the Possessive Case there is often no Noun as, This is my book; where is yours?' Note that ours, yours, and theirs have no apostrophe. Exercise 96. a. Pick out the Nouns in the Possessive Case and say what Noun each depends on. The singer's voice is sweet. We watched the eagle's flight. The boy's book is new. The children's clothes are clean. The police found the thieves' plunder hidden in the cellar. The drapers' shops were all closed. Samson tied foxes' tails together. The farmer bought hay for his oxen's food. For goodness' sake listen. Socrates' wife was a scold. Moses' grave is unknown. The ladies' dresses were beautiful. Hercules' strength was wonderful. We buy sugar at a grocer's and paper at a stationer's. They live in kings' courts. More disobeyed Henry for conscience' sake. The vault was full of men's bones. The people whisper of good Polonius' death. In this place ran Cassius' dagger through. Peter's wife's mother lay sick of a fever. Swift was Dean of St. Patrick's. William stayed at his brother's. b. Pick out the Pronouns in the Possessive Case and say what Noun each depends on. I have found my cap. Hast thou seen thy friend? Tom has learned his lessons, but Jane has not learned hers. The bird is in its nest. We have found our mittens. Found your mittens! The children were crying because they had lost their father. That bat is mine; where is yours? c. Write the Possessive Case Singular of: Moses. Aristides. Socrates. Francis. Æneas. Ulysses. Mr. Richards. Conscience. Goodness. Justice. d. Write the Possessive Case Singular and Plural of :— Boy. Lady. Baby. Jockey. Gipsy. Monkey. Wife. Thief. Chief. Negro. Hero. Man. Goose. Month. Brother. Child. Woman. Mistress. Horse. |