Greeks which composed almost exclusively his | satisfied with studying the Roman, we should treatise "De optimo genere Oratoris;" as if to write a discourse on oratorial perfection were merely to present the reader with the two immortal speeches upon the Crown. Sometimes we find him imitating, even to a literal version, the beauties of those divine originals—as the beautiful passage of Æschines, in the Timar- | ch:s, upon the torments of the guilty, which the Roman orator has twice made use of, almost word for word; once in the oration for Sextus Roscius, the earliest he delivered, and again in a more mature effort of his genius, the oration against L. Piso.1 Roman eloquence as a only be imitating the imperfect copy, instead of the pure original-like him who should endeavor to catch a glimpse of some beauty by her reflec tion in a glass, that weakened her tints, if it did not distort her features. In the other case, we should not be imitating the same, but some less perfect original, and looking at the wrong beau. ty; not her whose chaste and simple attractions commanded the adoration of all Greece, but some garish damsel from Rhodes or Chios, just brilliant and languishing enough to captivate the less pure taste of half-civilized Rome. ero not suited day. But there are other reasons too weighty to be passed over, which justify the same The style and decided preference. Not to mention manter of Ce the incomparable beauty and power to the present of the Greek language, the study of which alone affords the means of enriching our own, the compositions of Cicero, exquisite as they are for beauty of diction, often remarkable for ingenious argument and brilliant wit, not seldom excelling in deep pathos, are nevertheless so ex I have dwelt the rather upon the authority of Inferiority of M. Tullius, because it enables us at once to answer the question, Whether model. a study of the Roman orators be not sufficient for refining the taste? If the Greeks were the models of an excellence which the first of Roman orators never attained, although ever aspiring after it-nay, if so far from being satisfied with his own success, he even in those his masters found something which his ears desid-tremely rhetorical, fashioned by an art so little erated (ita sunt avidæ et capaces; et semper aliquid immensum infinitumque desiderant [so eager are they and capacious, so continually desirous of something boundless and infinite])-he either fell short while copying them, or he failed by diverting his worship to the false gods of the Asian school. In the one case, were we to rest concealed, and sacrificing the subject to a display of the speaker's powers, admirable as those are, that nothing can be less adapted to the genius of modern elocution, which requires a constant and almost exclusive attention to the business in hand. In all his orations which were spoken (for, singular as it may seem, the remark applies less to those which were only written, as 1 Μὴ γὰρ οἴεσθε, τὰς τῶν ἀδικημάτων ἀρχὰς ἀπό all the Verrine, except the first, all the Philipθεῶν, ἀλλ' οὐχ ὑπ' ἀνθρώπων ἀσελγείας γίνεσθαι pics, except the first and ninth, and the Pro Miμηδὲ τοὺς ἡσεβηκότας, καθάπερ ἐν ταῖς τραγῳδίαις, Ποινὰς ἐλαύνειν καὶ κολάζειν δασὶν ἡμμέναις αλλ' lone) hardly two pages can be found which a αἱ προπετεῖς τοῦ σώματος ἡδοναὶ, καὶ τὸ μηδὲν modern assembly would bear. Some admirable ἱκανον ἡγεῖσθαι, ταῦτα πληροῖ τὰ λῃστήρια-ταῦτ' arguments on evidence, and the credit of witεἰς τὸν ἐπακτρικέλητα εμβιβάζει — ταῦτά ἐστιν nesses, might be urged to a jury ; several pas. ἑκάστῳ Ποινή, κ. τ. λ. - ΑΙΣΧΙΝ. κατά Τιμάρ- sages, given by him on the merits of the case, you. Let no one think that crimes arise from the and in defense against the charge, might be spoinstigation of the gods, and not from the rash intem-ken in mitigation of punishment after a convicperance of men; or that the profane are driven and chastised, as we see them on the stage, by furies with blazing torches. The eager lusts of the flesh, and the insatiable desire for more-these swell the tion or confession of guilt; but, whether we regard the political or forensic orations, the style, both in respect of the reasoning and the orna ranks of the robber, and crowd the deck of the piments, is wholly unfit for the more severe and rate-these are to every one his own fury! Nolite enim putare, quemadmodum in fabulis sæpenumero videtis, eos, qui aliquid impie scelera teque commiserint, agitari et perterrori Furiarum tædis ardentibus. Sua quemque fraus, et suus terror maxime vexat; suum quemque scelus agitat, amentiaque afficit; sure male cogitationes conscientiæque animi terrent. Hæ sunt impiis assidua domesticæque Furi; quæ dies noctesque parentum pœnas a consceleratissimis filiis repetant.-Pro Sexto Ros cio Amerino. Nolite enim putare, ut in scena videtis, homines consceleratos impulsu deorum terreri Furiarum tædis ardentibus. Sua quemque fraus, suum facinus--suum scelus-sua audacia, de sanitate ac mente deturbat. Hæ sunt impiorum Furia-ha flamme-he faces.-In Luc. Calp. Pisonem. The great improvement in Cicero's taste between the first and the second of these compositions is manifest, and his closer adherence to the original. He introduces the same idea, and in very similar language, in the Treatise De Legg, Lib. 1.Bro 11. 2 Orator., c. 29. Greeks perfect less trifling nature of modern affairs in the Senate There is a singular example of this in the re marks on the evidence and cross-examination in the oration for L. Flaccus, pointed out to me by my friend Mr. Scarlett (now Lord Abinger), the mention of whose name affords an illustration of my argument. for, as a more consummate master of the forensic art in all its branches never lived, so no man is more conversant with the works of his predecessors in ancient times. Lord Erskine, too, perhaps the first of judicial orators, ancient or modern, had well stud ied the noble remains of the classic age.-Brougham your passions; and now you shall see how I car amuse your fancy," the more vigorous ancient argued in declaiming, and made his very boldest figures subservient to, or rather an integral part of his reasoning. The most figurative and high ly wrought passage in all antiquity is the famous oath in Demosthenes; yet, in the most pathetic part of it, and when he seems to have left the furthest behind him the immediate subject of his speech, led away by the prodigious interest of the recollections he has excited; when he is naming the very tombs where the heroes of Marathon lie buried, he instantly, not abruptly, but by a most felicitous and easy transition, returns into the midst of the main argument of his whole defense-that the merits of public servants, not the success of their councils, should be the measure of the public gratitude toward them—a position that runs through the whole speech, and to which he makes the funeral honors bestowed alike on all the heroes, serve as a striking and appropriate support. With the same ease does Virgil manage his celebrated transition in the might not be delivered in similar circumstances before our Senate or tribunals; while their funeral and other panegyrical discourses are much less inflated and unsubstantial than those of the most approved masters of the epideictic style, the French preachers and academicians. Whence this difference between the master-pieces of Greek and Roman eloquence? Whence but from the rigid steadiness with which the Greek orator keeps the object of all eloquence perpetually in view, never speaking for mere speaking's sake; while the Latin rhetorician, " ingenii sui nimium amator" [too fond of his own ingenuity], and, as though he deemed his occupation a trial of skill or display of accomplishments, seems ever and anon to lose sight of the subject-matter in the attempt to illustrate and adorn it; and pours forth passages sweet indeed, but unprofitablefitted to tickle the ear, without reaching the heart. Where, in all the orations of Cicero, or of him who almost equals him, Livy, "mira facundia homo" [admirable for his command of language], shall we find any thing like those thick successions of short questions in which De-Georgics; where, in the midst of the Thracian mosthenes oftentimes forges, as it were, with a few rapidly following strokes, the whole massive chain of his argument; as in the Chersonese, Εἰ δ ̓ ἅπαξ διαφθαρήσεται καὶ διαλυθήσεται, τί ποιήσομεν, ἂν ἐπὶ Χεῤῥόνησον ἴη; κρινοῦμεν Διο- | πείθην ; νὴ Δία. Καὶ τί τὰ πράγματα ἔσται βελτίω ; ἀλλ' ἐνθένδε βοηθήσομεν αὐτοῖς· ἂν δ' ὑπὸ τῶν πνευμάτων μὴ δυνώμεθα; ἀλλὰ μὲ Δί' οὐχ ἥξει· καὶ τίς ἐγγυητής ἐστι τούτου; [Let this force be once destroyed or scattered, and what are we to do if Philip marches on the Chersonese? Put Diopeithes on his trial? But how will that better our condition? And how shall we send them succor if prevented by the winds? But, by Jupiter, he will not march! And who is our surety for that?] or, comprising all of a long narrative that suits his argument in a single sentence, presenting a lengthened series of events at a single glance; as in the Пlaparpɛobɛia: Пévre yàp yeγόνασιν ἡμέραι μόναι, ἐν αἰς—οὗτος ἀπήγγειλε τὰ ψευδῆ —ὑμεῖς ἐπιστεύσατε-οἱ Φωκεῖς ἐπύθοντο— ¿védwкav čavтovs-dúhovтo. [There were only five days in which this man (Eschines, who had been sent as an embassador) brought back those lies-you believed-the Phocians listened-gave themselves up-perished!] Qualities in which it surpasses the best specimens of But though the more business-l'ke manner of modern debate approaches much nearer the style of the Greek than the Latin compositions, it must be admitmoderndsbats. ted that it falls short of the great originals in the closeness, and, as it were, density of the argument; in the habitual sacrifice of all ornament to use, or rather in the constant union of the two; so that, while a modern orator too frequently has his speech parceled out into compartments, one devoted to argument, another to declamation, a third to mere ornament, as if he should say, "Now your reason shall be convinced; now I am going to rouse • Quintilian. war, and while at an immeasurable distance from agricultural topics, the magician strikes the ground on the field of battle, where helmets are buried, and suddenly raises before us the lonely husbandman, in a remote age, peacefully tilling its soil, and driving his plow among the rusty armor and moldering remains of the warrior. The admirable topics. But if a further reason is required for giving the preference to the Greek orators, we may find it in the greater diversi- variety of its ty and importance of the subjects upon which their speeches were delivered. Besides the number of admirable orations and of written arguments upon causes merely forensic, we have every subject of public policy, all the great affairs of state, successively forming the topics of discussion. Compare them with Cicero in this particular, and the contrast is striking. His finest oration for matter and diction together is in defense of an individual charged with murder and there is nothing in the case to give it a pub. lic interest, except that the parties were of op posite factions in the state, and the deceased a personal as well as political adversary of the speaker. His most exquisite performance in point of diction, perhaps the most perfect prose composition in the language, was addressed to one man, in palliation of another's having borne arms against him in a war with a personal rival Even the Catilinarians, his most splendid decla Georgicon, i., 493: Scilicet et tempus veniet, cum finibus illis The time shall come when in these borders round inations. are principally denunciations of a single conspirator; the Philippics, his most brilliant invectives, abuse of a profligate leader; and the Verrite orations, charges against an individual governor. Many, indeed almost all the subjects of his speeches, rise to the rank of what the French term Causes célèbres; but they seldom rise higher. Of Demosthenes, on the other The cause of this difference between the Greek and Roman orators has been so strikingly described by a learned friend of mine, in the following note upon the above passage, that the celebrity of his name, were I at liberty to mention it, is not required to attract the reader's notice. "In Athens," says he, "an incessant struggle for independence, for power, or for liberty, could not fail to rouse the genius of every citizen-to force the highest talent to lofty a tone, or carry his view too extensively over the map of human affairs, for the vast range of his subject-the fates of the whole commonwealth of Greece, and the stand to be made by free and polished nations against barbaric ty rants. hand, we have not only many arguments upor cases strictly private, and relating to pecuniary matters (those generally called the 'lowrikoi), and many upen interesting subjects, more nearly approaching public questions; as the speech against Midias, which relates to an assault on the speaker, but excels in spirit and vehemence, perhaps, all his other efforts; and some which, though personal, involve high considerations of public policy, as that most beautiful ard energetic speech against Aristocrates; but we have all his immortal orations upon the state affairs of Greece-the Пepì Σrepúvov, embracing the history of a twenty years' administration dur ing the most critical period of Grecian story; and the Philippics, discussing every question of foreign policy, and of the stand to be made by the highest station-to animate her councils with a holy zeal-and to afford to her orators all that, acthe civilized world against the encroachments of cording to the profoundest writers of antiquity, is the barbarians. Those speeches were delivered necessary to the sublimest strains of eloquence. upon subjects the most important and affect'Magna eloquentia sicut flamma materia alitur, a ing that could be conceived to the whole commotibus excitatur, urendo clarescit.' Hers were not munity; the topics handled in them were of unithe holiday contests of men who sought to dazzle by versal application and of perpetual interest. To the splendor of their diction, the grace of their de- introduce a general observation, the Latin orator livery, the propriety and richness of their imagery. must quit the immediate course of his argument; Her debates were on the most serious business he must for a moment lose sight of the object in which can agitate men—the preservation of nation-view. But the Athenian can hardly hold too al liberty, honor, independence, and glory. The gifts of genius and the perfection of art shed, indeed, a luster upon the most vigorous exertions of her orators-but the object of their thunders was to stir the energies of the men of Athens, and to make tyrants tremble, or rivals despair. Rome, on the other hand, mistress of the world, at the time when she was most distinguished by genius and eloquence, owned no superior, hated no rival, dreaded no equal. Nations sought her protection, Kings bowed before her majesty; the bosom of her sole dominion was disturbed by no struggle for national power, no alarm of foreign danger. While she maintained the authority of her laws over the civilized earth, and embraced under the flattering name of allies those who could no longer resist her arms, the revolt of a barbarian King, or the contests of bordering nations with each other, prolonged only till she had decided between them, served to amuse her citizens or her Senate, without affecting their tranquillity. Her government, though essentially free, was not so popular as the Athenian. The severity of her discipline, and the gravity of her manners, disposed her citi zens less to those sudden and powerful emotions which both excited and followed the efforts of the Greek orators. It seems, therefore, reasonable to conclude that the character of Roman eloquence would be distinguished more by art than by passion, by science than by nature. The divisions and animosities of party, no doubt, would operate, and did operate with their accustomed force. But these are not like the generous flame which animates a whole nation to defend its liberty or its honor. The discussion of a law upon which the national safety could not depend, the question whether this or that general should take the command of an army, whether this or that province should be allotted to a particular minister, whether the petition of a city to be admitted to the privileges of Roman citizens should be granted, or whether some concession should be made to a suppliant King; these, with the exception of the debates on the Catiline conspiracy, and one or two of the Philippics, form the subjects of a Poblic nature, on which the mighty genius and con Practice tion. (1.) With a diligent study of those perfect models, of the old ers. summate art of Cicero were bestowed. We are not therefore, surprised to find that those of his orations in which he bears the best comparison with his rival Demosthenes were delivered in the forum in private causes. In some of these may be found examples of perhaps the very highest perfection to which the art can be carried, of clear, acute, convincing argu ment, of strong natural feeling, and of sudden bursts of passion; always, however, restrained by the pre dominating influence of a highly caltivated art-an art little concealed."-Brougham. with absolute harmory, and give the author's ideas to develop themselves with the more truth and simplicity when clothed in the ample folds of inversion, or run from the exuberant to the elliptical without ever being either redundant or obscure. Those great wits had no foreknowledge of such times as succeeded their brilliant age, when styles should arise, and for a season prevail over both purity, and nature, and antique recollections now meretriciously ornamented, more than half French in the phrase, and to mere figures fantastically sacrificing the sense-now heavily and regularly fashioned as if by the plumb and rule, and by the eye rather than the ear, with a needless profusion of ancient words and flexions, to displace those of our own Saxon, instead of temperately supplying its defects. Least of all could those lights of English eloquence have imagined that men should appear among us professing to teach composition, and ignorant of the whole of its rules, and incapable of relishing the beauties, or indeed apprehending the very genius of the language, should treat its peculiar terms of expression and flexion as so many inaccuracies, and practice their pupils in correcting the faulty English of Addison, and training down to the mechanical rhythm of Johnson the lively and inimitable measures of Boling broke. (2.) With a steady observ. ance of the compact ener gy of Greek composition speakers. who fit out twenty little expeditions at a time Demosthenes presented as yet the only one he applies is dyaboùç—μà τοὺς ἐν Μαραθῶνι προκινδυνεύσαντας τῶν προγό νων-καὶ τοὺς ἐν Πλαταιαῖς παραταξαμένους—καὶ τοὺς ἐν Σαλαμῖνι ναυμαχήσαντας—καὶ τοὺς ἐπ' 'Αρτεμισίῳ, καὶ πολλοὺς ἑτέρους τοὺς ἐν τοῖς δημοσίοις μνήμασι κειμένους ̓ΑΓΑΘΟΥΣ άνδρας. When he would compare the effects of the Theban treaty in dispelling the dangers that com. passed the state round about, to the swift passing away of a stormy cloud, he satisfies himsel with two words, woneρ vépor-the theme of just admiration to succeeding ages; and when he 7 Milton applied this phrase to Plato, as well he might; but of the orator it is yet more descriptive. 8 We have no word in our language which is at once simple and strong enough to give the true force of ayatcug in this passage. Brave is perhaps the nearest. Gallant, which Lord Brougham elsewhere uses, is wanting in that very attribute of simplicity But in exhorting you deeply to meditate on the beauties of our old English authors, the poets, the moralists, and perhaps more than all these, the preachers of the Augustan age of English letters, do not imagine that I would pass over their great defects when compared with the renowned standards of severe taste in ancient times. Addison may have been pure and elegant; Dryden airy and nervous; Taylor witty and fanciful; Hooker weighty and various; but none of them united force with beauty-the perfection of matter with the most refined and chastened style; and to one charge all, even the most faultless, are exposed-the offense unknown in ancient times, but the besetting sin of later days -they always overdid-never knowing or feel-which he here speaks of. The whole passage is, in ing when they had done enough. In nothing, not even in beauty of collocation and harmony of rhythm, is the vast superiority of the chaste, vigorous, manly style of the Greek orators and writers more conspicuous than in the abstinent use of their prodigious faculties of expression. A single phrase-sometimes a word and the work is done the desired impression is made, as it were, with one stroke, there being nothing superfluous interposed to weaken the blow or break its fall. The commanding idea is singled out; it is made to stand forward; all auxiliaries are rejected; as the Emperor Napoleon selected one point in the heart of his adversary's strength, and brought all his power to bear upon that, careless of the other points, which he was sure to carry if he won the center, as sure to have carried in vain if he left the center unsubdued. rar otherwise do modern writers make their onset, they resemble rather those campaigners, fact, untranslatable. It is impossible to give the mere English reader any true conception of its majesty and force. We have no words corresponding to those fine participles which bring before the eye at the same moment an act and a picture, проkivovνεύσαντας, παραταξαμένους, ναυμαχήσαντας. Add to this the magnificent roll of the sound, and the kindling associations in the mind of every Greek at the bare mention of Marathon, Platæa, Salamis, and Artemisium. It has all that there is in poetry to rouse the imagination, and all there is in truth to move the feelings and the heart. The following is Lord Brougham's version of the passage, in his translation of the entire oration, made some years after: "No! By your forefathers, who for that cause rushed upon destruction at Marathon, and by those who stood in battle array at Platea, and those who fought the sea-fight at Salamis, and by the warriors of Artemisium, and by all the others who now repose in the sepulchers of the nation- GALLANT men!" 7710 would paint the sudden approach of overwhelm- | and by French, whose wisdom and philosophy ing peril to beset the state, he does it by a stroke between them have placed Leghorn in the hands the picturesque effect of which has not, perhaps, of the enemy of the Austrian family, and driven been enough noted-likening it to a whirlwind the only profitable commerce of Tuscany from or a winter torrent, ὥσπερ σκηπτὸς ἢ χειμάῤῥους. its only port. Turn now for refreshment to It is worthy of remark, that in by far the first of the Athenian artist-Kaλýv y' oi moλλoì vùn all Mr. Burke's orations, the passage which is, ἀπειλήφασιν Ωρειτῶν χάριν, ὅτι τοῖς Φιλίπποι I believe, universally allowed to be the most φίλοις ἐπέτρεψαν αὐτοὺς, τὸν δ ̓ Εὐφραῖον ἐώθουν striking, owes its effect to a figure twice intro- καλὴν γ' ὁ δῆμος ὁ τῶν Ἐρετρίεων, ὅτι τοὺς ὑμετ duced in close resemblance to these two great τέρους μὲν πρέσβεις ἀπήλασε, Κλειτάρχῳ δ' ἐνέexpressions, although certainly not in imitation δωκεν αὐτόν· δουλεύουσί γε μαστιγούμενοι καὶ of either; for the original is to be found in Livy's oтpεbλovμεvoi [Much, forsooth, did the Oreito description of Fabius's appearance to Hannibal. gain when they yielded to the friends of Philip, Hyder's vengeance is likened to "a black cloud, and thrust out Euphræus; and much the people that hung for a while on the declivities of the of Eretria, when they drove off your embassamountains," and the people who suffered under dors, and gave themselves up to Kleitarchus! its devastations are described as "enveloped in They are now slaves-lashed and racked].-Phil. a whirlwind of cavalry." Whoever reads the 3. Upon some very rare occasions, indeed, the whole passage will, I think, admit that the effect orator, not content with a single blow, pours himis almost entirely produced by those two strokes; self forth in a full torrent of invective, and then that the amplifications which accompany them, we recognize the man who was said of old to eat as the "blackening of the horizon"-the " men- shields and steel—ἀσπίδας καὶ καταπέλτας ἐσθίων. acing meteor"-the "storm of unusual fire," But still the effect is produced without repetition rather disarm than augment the terrors of the or diffuseness. I am not aware of any such exoriginal black cloud; and that the " goading panded passage as the invective in the Περὶ Στε spears of the drivers," and "the trampling of púvov against those who had betrayed the varipursuing horses," somewhat abate tae fury of the ous states of Greece to Philip. It is, indeed, a whirlwind of cavalry. Dovλevovoi ye uacтiyou- noble passage; one of the most brilliant, perhaps μɛvoi kai σтрεbλovuɛvoi [They are slaves-lashed the most highly colored of any in Demosthenes; and racked], says the Grecian master, to describe but it is as condensed and rapid as it is rich and the wretched lot of those who had yielded to the varied : "Ανθρωποι μιαροὶ καὶ κόλακες καὶ ἀλάστ wiles of the conqueror, in the vain hope of secur- τορες, ἠκρωτηριασμένοι τὰς ἑαυτῶν ἕκαστοι πατρί ing their liberties in safety. Compare this with δας, τὴν ἐλευθερίαν προπεπωκότες πρότερον μὲν the choicest of Mr. Burke's invectives of derision | Φιλίππῳ, νῦν δὲ ̓Αλεξάνδρῳ τῇ γαστρί μετροῦν· and pity upon the same subject—the sufferings | τες καὶ τοῖς αἰσχίστοις τὴν εὐδαιμονίαν—τὴν δ' of those who made peace with regicide France --and acknowledge the mighty effect of relying upon a single stroke to produce a great effect if you have the master-hand to give it. "The His want of King of Prussia has hypothecated in condensation. trust to the Regicides his rich and fertile territories on the Rhine, as a pledge of his zeal and affection to the cause of liberty and equality. He has been robbed with unbounded liberty, and with the most leveling equality. The woods are wasted; the country is ravaged; property is confiscated; and the people are put to bear a double yoke, in the exactions of a tyrannical government, and in the contributions of a hostile conscription." "The Grand Duke of Tuscany, for his early sincerity, for his love of peace, and for his entire confidence in the amity of the assassins of his family, has been complimented with the name of the wisest Sovereign in Europe.' This pacific Solomon, or his philosophic cudgeled ministry, cudgeled by English "Quoting from memory, Lord Brougham here puts into the mouth of Mr. Burke one of the tamest of all possible expressions, "a storm of unusual fire," instead of the one actually used, "a storm of universal fire blasted every field, consumed every house, destroyed every temple." As fire was the chief in strument of destruction used by Hyder Ali, the mention of it (whether it served or not to disarm the terrors of the original black cloud) was essential to the truth of his description. ελευθερίαν καὶ τὸ μηδένα ἔχειν δεσπότην αὐτῶν (ἃ τοῖς προτέροις Έλλησιν ὄροι τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἦσαν καὶ κανόνες), ανατετροφότες (Περὶ Στεφ.). [Base and fawning creatures, wretches who have mutilated the glory each of his own native land—toasting away their liberties to the health first of Philip, then of Alexander; measuring their happiness by their gluttony and debauchery, but utterly overthrowing those rights of freemen, and that independence of any master, which the Greeks of former days regarded as the test and the summit of all felicity. This requires no contrast to make its merit shine forth; but compare it with any of Cicero's invectives-that, for instance, in the third Catilinarian, against the conspirators, where he attacks them regularly under six different heads, and in above twenty times as many words; and ends with the known and very 10 Lord Brougham does injustice to Mr. Burke it. this quotation. The passage, instead of being one of the "choicest," is one of the most careless, in point of style, to be found in the Regicide Peace. The object of chief abhorrence to the old Greeks is remarkably expressed in this passage: dɛanérne is the correlative of douλos; and the meaning of Seonórny Exɛiv aúτv is, "having an owner or proprietor of themselves," that is, "being the property, the chattels of any one;" and this they justly deem ed the last of human miseries. The addition of the cart whip, and a tropical climate, would not proba bly have been esteemed by them an alleviation of the lot of slavery.-Brougham. |