causes for which they gave their lives with the fragrance of noble example. England has ever produced, and beauty, and enriched the must have learnt in discipline, in tactics, in mobility, lessons from the Great Captain which bore fruit at Marston Moor and Naseby, at Dunbar and Worcester, and in his rapid marches through England and Scotland. Be this, however, as it may, it is more than probable that with men who fought under Gustavus returning to Britain a few years later, there were many who brought to the Puritan cause an enthusiasm and power based upon admiration for the character of the Swedish king. Among his own people he was, like the warrior-king of ancient Israel, beloved for what he was as much as for what he did. His hymns are sung in his native land to-day, his memory revered with affection by noble and peasant. Among soldiers of all countries he ranks with the greatest in the world's history. Experts may differ whether his military genius was more or less brilliant than that of Frederick the Great or Napoleon, but all are agreed that he was the creator of modern armies, the author of an entirely new system, the traces of which we see in every army in the civilised world. But he was more than this. He was the first of a series of leaders, of whom, in our country, General Charles Gordon, and in America "Stonewall" Jackson, are the most notable,-men who, without desire for personal glory, were actuated by a faith which gave to their characters strength It was not merely that he was the champion of Protestantism as against Romanism. He had under him many men of the Roman Catholic faith, who were treated by him with the same toleration that he showed when in Bavaria. It was rather that he recognised, in advance of those of his time, that justice and liberty were of the very spirit and essence of the teaching of the Master whom all Christians profess to obey. To-day that cause is triumphant. In Germany, where the Great Captain fought and died, a Protestant Emperor rules over a strong united people. In England this year will witness the Coronation of a King and Queen, descendants of the beautiful Elizabeth of Bohemia, and, like her, greatly beloved. It is right that we, many of whom are descended from the men who fought in the Netherlands and in Germany for the cause for which she suffered, should not forget these things. And it is right that we should remember that amid the turmoil of crime and bloodshed that gathered round those dark days of oppression there was one at least whose courage never faltered, whose faith shone brightly, and who in leading his people to victory gave to all succeeding generations the example of one of the purest and most unselfish characters in the world's history. AN ARGENTINE LOVE DRAMA. AMONG the relics of Argentine history in the Museum of Buenos Ayres, there is a long lock of a woman's hair, now withered, but once raven black. It is the perpetual but unnecessary reminder of a story known to every Argentine: the story of the loves of Camila O'Gorman and Ladislao Gutierrez, and of the crowning blunder of cruelty, more fatal to him than any crime, of the Tyrant, Juan Manuel Rosas. We may call the tale a drama, if only to escape the reproach of abusing the great name of tragedy, too often degraded by newspaper use. Yet there is that which is tragic in the fate of those two, and in the monstrous barbarity of the man who killed them. They were not without blame for their own disaster, and he was not wholly free to have kept his hand from the wickedness wherewith he purged our memory of a passionate and erring woman, and of a sinning man, by pity and terror, not free because he was driven on by furies he had fostered till they were his masters. "Ach unsre Thaten selbst, so gut als unsre leiden Sie hemmen unsres Lebens gang." All three were ruled by a fate, by a necessity, in part created by themselves. Some memory of Rosas remains in this country. He He died in exile at Southampton within the memory of old men. VOL. CLXXXIX.-NO. MCXLVIII. His name has become a byword for the South American tyrant, and not unjustly. He strides the history of his country like a colossus, not by virtue of the good or evil he did, not by his genius (his intellect was narrow) nor his heroism (his courage has been denied), but by what stamp themselves deepest on the legends of any people, character and action. The Rosas is not so well known to us that he can be left without some brief introduction. He was by birth a gentleman. His family claimed to be a branch of the ancient Spanish house of Ortiz de Rosas. Spaniard is "linajudo," apt to be besotted as to his lineageand it may be that the Ortiz de Rosas of Buenos Ayres could not have established their descent from the Cantabrian family. Neither perhaps was it so ancient as its members loved to believe. A Spanish Mr Round would have a glorious feast on the pedigrees of many hidalgos. Yet the Ortiz de Rosas were caballeros de solar conocido," gentlemen of a known house. Juan Manuel could show one piece of testimony to the validity of his claim to "come from the mountain." The men of the mountains, "montañeses," were the warriors from the north and north-west, who were the leaders of the reconquest of Spain from the Moors. Strong strains of Suevic, Visigothic, Norman blood ran in their 3 D 66 men." veins, and they had the blue eyes which were the outout ward and visible sign of the "blue blood," the the "sangre azul" of the Teuton and Scandinavian, and not, as some have erroneously supposed, the Moor. The eyes of Rosas were blue, and his complexion fair. He was tall, and his manly beauty, we are told, did much to help his fortune, for it gained him all the women as partisans. His mother's family, the Lopez de Osornio, was also hidalgo, and of vehement character. Doña Agustina has a place among "the mothers of great A diminutive woman, and in her later years partly paralysed, she was the medieval chatelaine to the core. She ruled her household with a rod, if not of iron, at least of willow. She arose early and assigned a portion unto her maidens. They knew by many stinging lessons what were the consequences of neglect. When her sons were already grown men, she would pull their ears and thrash them on provocation. "Manos blancas no ofenden," says the Spanish proverb, -"White hands do not insult." Prudencio, Gervasio, and Juan Manuel were dutiful sons—and in after times they showed as much. Doña Agustina was a lady to whom her own will was law. When some authority requisitioned her carriagehorses, as she thought unjustly, she shot the animals. In her old age, when Juan Manuel was already the Tyrant, it was her will and pleasure to leave nearly all her personal fortune to the children of one of her daughters. The notary employed to draw up the will assured her that the law required an equal division. "It is my will you are making," said Doña Agustina, "not yours. Write as I tell yoù. It will be strange if I cannot do as I please with my own;' and he wrote. When Doña Agustina slept with her fathers the will was produced. Legally it was waste-paper, but Juan Manuel, without even taking the trouble to read it, noted on the margin, "Our mother's wishes must be obeyed." Gervasio did read the will, and said, "Juan Manuel is right. We must not disobey the mother. But he and I and Prudencio are rich men, and we must see to it that the girls do not suffer." The brothers compensated their sisters for what they lost by their mother's caprice. As Juan Manuel inherited the vehement self-will of his mother, it was but natural that their mutual affection— genuine as it was-should be disturbed by storms. Legends have collected round his youth, but it is certain enough that he broke away from home, adventured, bred cattle on the still unenclosed pampas, fought the raiding Indians, and gained fortune for himself. He did something else which was to have great weight in a coming crisis in Argentine history. He had need of fighting herdsmen to protect his cattle from Indians and rivals. He turned his "estancia" into a Cave of Adullam, where any man who could break and back a horse, use the lasso, the "bolas," and the lance, was sure of good pay and provend—always provided that he would fight for Juan Manuel Rosas, and obey him perinde ac cadaver. So it came to pass that when he struck into Argentine politics, he did not appear as a barrackyard conspirator, or intriguer in committees, but as any feudal baron or Highland chief with his vassals or clansmen at his back. "My name is the Devil's Dick of Hellgarth, well known in Annandale for a gentle Johnstone. I follow the stout Laird of Wamphray, who rides with his kinsman the redoubted Lord of Johnstone, who is banded with the doughty Earl of Douglas; and the Earl and the Lord and the Laird and I, the Esquire, fly our hawks where we find our game, and ask no man whose ground we ride over." There was a great deal of the Devil's Dick among the "gaucho" herdsmen who followed Rosas. The reader need not be asked to hear exactly by what series of events he became the titular "restorer of the laws" and the actual Tyrant of Buenos Ayres. The mere incidents of South American history have been at all times variants of the normal pronunciamiento. The spirit of the man and of his government had a certain distinction. When he came to the top, his country had been torn between two contending influences. On the one hand com was a small body of men who had grown up under Spanish rule, and had been much influenced by the enlightenment of the eighteenth century. They had learnt all they knew from French books, and they were as ready to make extreme use of authority as ever Rosas was to prove himself. It was not he, by any means, who set the example of settling political differences by shooting. These half-educated doctrinaires aimed at the establishment of a republic, one and indivisible— with themselves and the city of Buenos Ayres in mand, of course. They threw the country open to foreign trade, to its ultimate advantage, no doubt, but to the great immediate loss of certain struggling native industries. Rosas represented all the particularism, all the ancient ways, all the jealousy of the "campo against the city. On these sentiments his power was based. He fed fat the grudges of the old-fashioned Argentinos against the "savage unitarians." was the representative of the men of the "chiripā "the shawl which the gaucho horsemen wind round their body and fasten between their legs. may say of him that he was in his way a conservative-not exactly a hater of foreigners, for he liked Englishmen and employed them much, but one who would keep Argentina for the Argentinos. He We Being a conservative, he would fain have had the support of the Church. He brought back the Jesuits, and strove to stand well with the Pope. Now we know what happens to him who goes a-hunting with the Jesuits and the Pope. Before many of his twenty-five years of rule were out, Rosas, who cowed, shot, or drove or drove into exile all who dared to be other than his abject instruments, found himself opposed by the very ecclesiastical powers he had favoured. The Jesuits intrigued for themselves, and the Tyrant who had brought them in drove them out. The Pope would govern the Church without regard to Rosas, who held that he was entitled to all the regalities enjoyed by the King of Spain in America. The Pope would hear of no "nobis nominavit," and appointed, among other measures, a coadjutor Bishop of Buenos Ayres, against the wish of the Tyrant. Therefore, as his reign was approaching its end, Rosas found himself in the full swing of a dispute with the Roman Curia, and therefore it was that he slew Camila O'Gorman and Ladislao Gutierrez. They were crushed between the fell incensed powers of Church and State. Camila, as her surname shows, came of one of the many Irish families which have sought a refuge in Spain from the days of Queen Elizabeth downwards. She was beautiful, and for her own unhappiness she was passionate. One gathers with sufficient clearness that she rebelled inwardly against the most undeniable subjection of women as it was enforced in Buenos Ayres half a century ago, and is not unknown now. To be repressed, to be constantly watched, to live in houses where the panels of the doors were of glass, so that one might be always under observation, was the lot of a Spanish-American lady. Her very servants were the spies of her master,-father, husband, or even only brother, to whom public opinion and use and wont, if not the law, gave an almost unlimited power to punish. Education was not for her. "Mula que hace hin hin y muger que habla Latin nunca hicieron buen fin,""A whinnying mule and a woman who knows Latin never made a good end," says the Spanish proverb, formed in days when knowledge of Latin was education. It was much if a lady was allowed to learn how to read and write or to play the piano. Under the ever-vigilant watch of a celibate clergy, Spanish society at home and in the colonies had become possessed by an obsession of impurity of thought and suspicion. Read that once famous treatise, 'La Virtud en la Estrada,' Virtue in Drawing-Room,' the work of a dignified cleric, recommended by high ecclesiastical authority, written for general use in the vulgar tongue and reprinted in many editions. It is soaked in pruriency, and though professedly designed to show how girls might be brought up in strict modesty, it lays down rules, and advises methods of moral training, which must necessarily have had a directly the |