Before analysing the sentences in this and the succeeding Exercises, draw a line under the entire set of words which form the substantive clause, remembering that you have not got a complete substantive clause, or noun-sentence, unless it has a subject and a finite verb, with all the adjuncts that may be attached to either of these.

That he did the deed is quite certain. That he said so is undeniable. Who can have told you that, puzzles me. How long I shall stay here is uncertain. What we are to do next is the question. What his capacity is signifies nothing. How I found the matter out is no concern of yours. How completely you are mistaken can easily be shown. What signifies what weather we have?

It is not true that he said so. It is very probable that he will not arrive to-day. It is uncertain what the result will be. It does not matter what he thinks. It is uncertain how long I shall stay.

Thence it is that I to your assistance do make love. What does it signify how rich he is? It is a question how far he was justified in that proceeding.

Methinks I know that handwriting. Anon methought the wood began to move. Methinks he hath no drowning mark upon him. Methought the billows spoke. Was it on Tuesday that he went away? It was only yesterday that I saw him.

Exercise 110. Analyse the following sentences in which a substantive clause is the object of a verb, or of a phrase equivalent to a transitive verb:

I knew that he would come. I heard that he had arrived. I think I have the honour of addressing Mr. Smith? Tell me who told you. Tell me how old you are. Tell him I cannot see him to-day. I want to know when this happened. I thought it strange that he should leave without calling on me. I swear I have no mind of feasting forth to-night. He told me he knew all about the matter. Tell me what you think of all this. Advise if this be worth attempting. Try if you can decipher that letter. I fear thou play'dst most foully for it. I am hopeful that he will soon get better. He is confident that I shall succeed. We are resolved that that shall not occur again. He made it a condition that I should become security for the payment. He felt it to be a disgrace that he had so utterly failed. Try how far you can jump.

Exercise 111. Analyse the following sentences in which a substantive clause is in apposition to a noun, or comes after a preposition, or is used absolutely with a participle, like a nominative absolute :

The fact that you say so is enough for me. The circumstance that he was present must not be disregarded. The idea that I can comply with his request

To those who are acquainted with my larger grammar I need hardly observe that this mode of marking sentences has not been borrowed from the later works of others. The introductory conjunction that is often omitted.

'It' often does duty as a temporary or provisional object. Deal with it as in the case of the subject that is, first analyse the sentence without the substantive clause, and then substitute that clause for the it.'

§'If' has here the force of whether'.

is absurd.

He did this to the end that he might convince me. I undertook the business in the expectation that he would help me. He could not get rid of the idea that I was his enemy. In case you should see him, bring him with you. I came on the chance that I might find you at home. Who can want the thought how monstrous it was for Malcolm and for Donalbain to kill their gracious father? He sent me word that he would come anon. There was a rumour that the army had been defeated. Oh! yet I do repent me of my fury that I did kill them. For that I love your daughter, I must advance the colours of my love. That depends upon how you did it. I would not believe the story but that you avouch it. I hate him for he is a Christian, but more for that in low simplicity he lends out money gratis. In case I am not there, go on without me. Provided that he consents, I will undertake the business. Provided this report be confirmed, we shall know what to do.

The word 'so' is only a substantive 'emonstrative pronoun† used adverbially. Being essentially a substantive, it may have a substantive clause in apposition to it. Analyse the following sentences:

You may go where you like so (=on the condition) that you are back by dinner time. "For nothing hold me so it please thee hold (i.e., regard) that nothing me a something dear to thee." "So please my lord (i.e., on the condition that it please my lord') to quit the fine, I am content.

Exercise 112. Transitive verbs govern an object, not because they are predicative words, but because they denote a transitive action. Nouns that do this may have a substantive clause after them, which may be described as an 'objective adjunct to the noun.'

Analyse the following sentences :

I see no sign that the fever is abating. That is a proof that he knows nothing about the matter. We welcomed these indications that spring was He has obtained my consent that he should go to college. There is no fear that he will fail.

near.

Exercise 113. Analyse the following sentences, in which the Substantive Clause forms an Adverbial Adjunct to a verb or adjective (like the Latin accusative of limitation, or closer definition).

I convinced him that he was mistaken. I am sorry that you are not well. § We are glad that you have come at last. We are disappointed that you have not brought your brother. I am certain that he never said so. I am persuaded that that is the wiser course. He is desirous that I should return.

Exercise 114. Analyse the following sentences, in which an infinitive accompanied by an interrogative word supplies the place of a substantive clause beginning with an interrogative :

Note the omission of that.'

It is often used without any adverbial force, as in 'I told you so.' 'I drank a pint or so of wine.' Is he a captain? He is so. 'He is a fool, and so is his brother.' The strengthened form 'as ' often has a pronominal force.

That is, I convinced him with respect to this point.'

§ That is I am sorry on this account, or as regards this."

How to do it is the difficulty. I taught him how to do it.

Where to get

the money puzzles me. He never knows when to go. I am considering what to do next. I know not where to get food. I know not how to thank you sufficiently. The difficulty is how to get there.

XLV. Adjective Clauses.

Preliminary Lesson.-Nature, form, and construction of Adjective Clauses.

Exercise 115. Draw a thin line under the adjective clauses in each of the following sentences, then analyse the entire sentence, and lastly analyse the adjective clause separately* :—

The serpent that did sting thy father's life, now wears his crown. I could a tale unfold whose lightest word would harrow up thy soul. The rest (i.e., repose') is labour which is not used for you. He had many heavy burdens to bear, the pressure of which nearly crushed him. Thrice is he armed that hath his quarrel just. I saw the captain in whose ship you will sail. Do you know the gentleman to whom this park belongs? Infected be the air whereon † they ride. Thy food shall be husks wherein the acorn cradled. What sad talk was that wherewith my brother held you in the cloister? I know a bank whereon the wild thyme blows. Thou speak'st to such a man that is no fleering tell-tale. Unto bad causes swear such creatures as men doubt. You will soon find such peace which it is not in the power of the world to give. His behaviour is not such [behaviour] as I like. You are welcome to my help, such as it is. This cloth is not such [cloth] as I asked for. I have not from your eyes that gentleness and show of love as I was wont to have. In me thou seest the twilight of such day, as after sunset fadeth in the

west.

Exercise 116. Deal in a similar way with the sentences in Exercise 61.

Exercise 117. Supply the relatives which are omitted in the sentences in Exercise 62, and then analyse the sentences.

Make (or find) a dozen sentences containing adjective clauses in which the relative is expressed, and a dozen in which it is omitted, and then analyse them.

Exercise 118. Analyse the following sentences in which the Adjective Clauses have a Relative Adverb in place of a Relative Pronoun governed by a Preposition.

Remember that the Adjective Clause must contain a subject and a finite verb of its own. Whereon' (= on which) forms an adverbial adjunct to 'ride.' It must be parsed as a compound adverb.

As' must be treated as equivalent to a relative pronoun.

་

The clause as it is' is in the attributive relation to help,' and the quasi-relative 'as' is the complement of the predicate in its own clause.

The reason why
I can

I will show you the shop where I bought these apples. you cannot succeed is evident. Return to the place whence you came. remember the time when there were no houses here. Do you know the source whence he obtained this information? The fortress whither the defeated troops had fled was soon captured.

Exercise 119. Analyse the following sentences, in which the Adjective Clauses are attached to (and explain) the neuter dernonstrative pronouns it, that, and this.

*

It was John who said so. It was the owl that shrieked.† Who was it that thus cried? It is the eye of childhood that fears a painted devil. Is this a dagger which I see before me, the handle towards my hand? That which hath made them drunk hath made me bold. Was that your brother who knocked at the door? Is that a scar that you have on your hand? It was a gun-shot that killed him.

Exercise 120. Analyse the sentences in Exercise 65. You may either supply the suppressed antecedents, or treat the clauses as Adjective Clauses used substantively.

Exercise 121. The word 'what' sometimes introduces an adjective clause, and sometimes an indirect question, which is a substantive clause. What is interrogative when it cannot be replaced by 'that which.'

Analyse the following sentences, carefully distinguishing the subtantive clauses from the adjective clauses, and then parse the sen

tences :

Repeat what you have just said. You have only told me what I know already. I know what you said about me. Go, and find out what is the matter. Do what you can in this business. Pray tell me what ails you. You must not dictate to me what I am to do. This is what he did. He soon repented of what he had done. He knows well enough what he ought to do. That is precisely what he ought to have done. I cannot make out what you are saying. I do not understand what you are saying.

Exercise 122. Make (or find) a dozen sentences illustrating each use of 'what,' and analyse them.

Exercise 123. The pronouns who' and 'which,' and the pronominal adverbs 'when,' where,' &c., have the same twofold use; the adverbs, when used as the equivalents of relative pronouns governed by prepositions, having a relative force.

* That is, "It (the person) who said so, was John."

That is, "It (the creature) that shrieked, was the owl."

The adjective clause which-hand' is attached to this.' 'The handle towards my hand' is a nominative absolute belonging to the adjective clause.

Analyse the following sentences :

Find out who did that. Whom we raise we will make fast. I could not make out whom he was alluding to. That is where* I live. Tell me where you live. Tell me why you are so angry. That is why I am angry.

I do

not know when they will arrive. I knew when seven justices could not take up a quarrel. I have seen when, after execution, judgment hath repented

*

o'er his doom. Tell me where he is. See where he looks out of the window. That is how he always treats me. That is why I did it.

Exercise 124. Analyse the following sentences, treating the clauses containing a relative not as adjective clauses, but as independent sentences; as though 'and' with a demonstrative pronoun were substituted for the relative :

I the matter will re-word, which madness would gambol from. Being shown into a grand apartment, I delivered my letter, which he read. We travelled together as far as Paris, where we parted company. In London he made the acquaintance of my brother, whom he visited frequently. This modest stone, what few vain marbles can, May truly say, 'Here lies an honest man.' By this time we had traversed half the distance, when a loud clap of thunder warned us to quicken our steps. Next day they renewed the fight, which lasted till the evening. Honourable ladies sought my love, which I denying, they fell

sick and died.

Exercise 125. Deal in a similar way with the sentences in Exercises 63 and 65.

XLVI. Adverbial Sentences.

Preliminary Lesson.-Nature, form, and structure of Adverbial Clauses.

1. Adverbial Clauses relating to Time.

Exercise 126. Analyse (and parse) the following sentences, after first drawing a dotted line under the Adverbial Clauses, and then analyse these clauses separately. §

I will tell you the secret when I see you. were a man. I did not know that till you shall have no peace.

In the analysis supply an antecedent noun.

When you durst do it, then you told me. While he is here we

How,' as a relative, never has an antecedent expressed.

We have here a nominative absolute, forming an adverbial adjunct to fell. the object of 'denying.'

'Which' is

§ Remember that the conjunction or pronominal adverbs when, where, whither, &c., have an adverbial construction in their own clauses, but that the Conjunctions after, before, till, while, &c., have no such force. 'While' has nothing to do with the relative pronoun. It is an old noun meaning 'time,' to which a substantive clause beginning with that' was in apposition. The omission of 'that gave to 'while' a conjunctive force.

In parsing a sentence of this kind, 'when' should be described as a connective adverb, modifying the verb 'see,' and joining the clause when I see you' to the predicate will tell.'