Principles of Extractive Metallurgy

acid activity coefficient alloy aluminum anions anode blast furnace calculate carbon cell chemical chemical equilibrium CO₂ coke combustion component composition compounds concentration contains copper corresponding curve decreases diffusion electric electrodes electrolyte enthalpy increment entropy equation equilibrium constant example Extractive Metallurgy ferrosilicon flow formed function gases Gibbs energy give given H₂ heat capacity heat losses heat transfer hydrogen impurities increasing interface ions iron leaching lime liquid magnetite matte melting point metal metallurgical mixture molar mole molten N₂ nickel obtained oxide oxygen oxygen potential partial pressure particles percent phase preheated pressure pure ratio react reactants reaction reactor reduction refractories roasting shaft furnace shown in Fig silica silicon sintering SiO2 slag smelting solid solution steel steel-making stoichiometric sulfate sulfide sulfur surface temperature thermodynamics values vapor velocity volume whereas wustite zinc zone