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Thus, the ship which carried us from the état-major is a Monsieur Mari, a Corsican, THE public attention has, of late, more than Calcutta to Judda was freighted with rice: for who was formerly sergeant-major in his Briever turned towards Egypt, in consequence of the character and proceedings of Mohammed every hundred bags landed by the owner at the tannic majesty's Corsican rangers, then comcustom-house, the governor took ten, leaving manded by Sir Hudson Lowe. Besides havAli, the chief of that country; and in conseour Nakhoda ninety to dispose of to the dealers ing the superintendence of the drill, he acts, quence, also, of its having become the channel without let or molestation. I never saw a more when on service, as quarter-master-general, through which a steam communication is car-liberal or a better managed custom-house than lays down the plan of the encampment, and ried on between Great Britain and India. The the pasha's at Judda; and it is the same at directs the line of march. He made a rough committee of correspondence of the Royal Mocha: there is no bribery necessary, and no sketch of the seat of war in the Asseer Asiatic Society have, therefore, endeavoured annoying search after smuggled articles, or vex-country, which he shewed to me. It was to obtain the most detailed and the most au-atious detention of the goods. I speak, how- rudely done, without instruments, but gave thentic information respecting that country, ever, with reference to transactions carried on a good idea of the barren and inhospitable the Red Sea, and all the different districts under the British flag, and I have no doubt the tract which had proved so fatal to the pasha's He said hunger, thirst, and intolerable which are situated in the neighbourhood of its civility and attention which Englishmen re-arms. shores. None of the corresponding members ceive from the authorities in the Red Sea, are heat, had defeated the army. When suffering of the Society have been more active and more zealous in obtaining for it the information it partly to be ascribed to the presence, in that under the most severe privations to which human required than Captain James Mackenzie, of the sea, of two British ships of war (of the Indian nature is liable, the Asseers came down from navy), whose guns inspire respect, and give their almost inaccessible fastnesses, and drove 8th Bengal Light Cavalry, who, after devoting the Turks and Arabs a favourable idea of our the Egyptian troops before them. Monsieur himself for some time, while in India, notwith-power. The chief articles for exportation (as Mari holds the honorary rank of lieut.-colonel, standing his military avocations, to inquiries I have mentioned in my journal) are coffee but being a Christian, is not permitted to exercise relative to the course of the Sutlej, and the and senna; but the supply of the former is any authority over the men. Besides M. Mari, geography of that part of the Himalaya moun- much diminished, owing to the injudicious there are several European Instructeurs, mostly tains through which it flows (a paper on which monopoly of the berry by the pasha. The French and Italian. These gentlemen have subject he sent to the Asiatic Society in 1831), has recently, having obtained furlough, availed growers on the coffee mountains will not raise, no commissions, and little more authority than in any abundance, an article for which they is possessed by a drill-sergeant in a British himself of the opportunity of coming from cannot obtain a fair remunerating price; for the regiment. Several of them are well-informed, India through Egypt, for the express purpose pasha steps in between them and the foreign gentlemanly men, with whom we passed many of being enabled to inquire, upon the spot, into the present moral and political state of Arabia merchant, and takes to himself the profit which pleasant evenings. The physicians and surought justly to be the grower's. The coffee and geons in his highness's army are likewise Euroand Egypt, and into the practicability and pro- senna are not grown in Mohammed Ali's ter-peans; they are chiefly French, but there are bable advantages of establishing permanently ritory, but in the dominions of the Imam of some Germans amongst them. A Monsieur Fisa steam communication between England and Senna, a young and weak prince, who possesses cher, a German physician, bears a high character India by that route. a fine country which, I fear, will one day pass for knowledge and talent. At the house of the into the grasping Pasha's hands. His not yet English agent at Judda, Malloom Yussuff, and having taken possession of the fertile province at the table of Captain Hawkins, of the Clive of Senna is to be ascribed to his repeated de- sloop of war, we met most of his highness's feats by the Asseer tribe of Bedouins; a power- European employés, and were much pleased ful body inhabiting the country between Mecca with their lively and agreeable manners. and Senna, who nobly maintain the inde- believe there are no Englishmen in the pasha's pendence of their native land. In the campaign army; they are not sufficiently bending to of 1835, the Egyptian army, under the com- please the Egyptian authorities, and despise mand of the younger Ibrahim (the pasha's the paltry allowances which are received with nephew), was defeated by these sons of the gratitude by the more easily satisfied Italian desert, to the great annoyance and vexation of and French adventurers. From my experience Mohammed Ali, who, having conquered the abroad, I should say that the English do not legions of the sultan, and added Syria to his adapt themselves to the manners and customs sovereignty, could ill brook the humiliation of a foreign country, and indulge the humours of an overthrow by a horde of undisciplined and prejudices of the people, so readily and goodbarbarians. Accordingly, in 1836, he made humouredly as the French and Italians. Hence extensive preparations for another campaign the preference decidedly shewn, in Egypt parMohammed Ali, the pasha of Egypt, has con- against the Asseers, and formed corps d'armée ticularly, to natives of the above countries. The pasha's army in Arabia may amount at quered, and his troops are in actual possession at Gonfoda, Judda, and Mecca, which advanced of, the whole line of the Arabian coast, from immediately after the ceremonies of the Haj, present (for it is now on the war establishAkaba, on the north, to Mocha, near the Straits or pilgrimage, had been concluded. One of ment) to about 2000 cavalry, 20,000 infantry, of Bab el Mandeb, at the southern extremity of these corps I saw at Judda: it was composed of with proportion of sappers, artillery, &c. The the Red Sea. With exception of Mecca, and 3000 infantry, a small body of cavalry, with head-quarters are at Mecca, where Koorshid the fertile district of Taif, to the east of Judda, six light field-pieces. The infantry are well Pasha (another nephew of Mohammed Ali), his dominion does not extend into the interior clothed in the Nizam dress, a modification of the governor-general and commander-in-chief above a mile or two from the sea-shore, but his the Turkish costume, introduced by the great of the Hadjaz, was residing when I was at Ibrahim Pasha the troops garrison the chief towns and ports on Ibrahim after the war in the Morea. Their Judda; but his excellency pays frequent visits the eastern edge of the Red Sea. His high-muskets are made at Cairo, after a French to Taif and Judda. ness, from possessing these places, commands model, and are lighter and more handy than younger, is governor and commander of Yemen, Their cartridge-boxes, powder, and ball, with his head-quarters at Hodeida. His corps to about 5000 or 6000. the whole commerce of Yemen and the Hedjaz, ours. the two principal provinces on the western side were all in excellent order. I frequently saw d'armée amounts of Arabia. The internal trade he generally the troops manoeuvre in a large plain to the Mocha is garrisoned by 1200 men, and the The town of Gonfoda, on monopolises, buying from the growers at his south of Judda; they worked principally as ramparts of the town are defended by some old own price, and selling to the dealers, or foreign light infantry, the better to cope with their pieces of cannon. merchants,at a considerable advance. On articles irregular and undisciplined foes, the Asseers. the coast, was the head-quarters of a division imported from India, he levies a duty of ten per The division was commanded by a bey, who of about 3000 to 4000 infantry, in consequence Captain Mackenzie has stated the result of his observations in a letter to the Right Hon. Sir Alexander Johnston, the chairman of the committee of correspondence of the Royal Asiatic Society, and we think it so full of valuable information that we have, with his permission, great satisfaction in publishing it. It is entitled "a Rough Sketch of the present State of Egypt and Arabia,” and is as follows: My dear Sir Alexander, -You requested me to give my opinion on the present state of Arabia and Egypt, founded on my journey through those countries during the course of last year: I have now much pleasure in complying with your wish, as far as my humble abilities will permit. I shall first speak of Arabia. I of extolling the power and resources of la grande nation, and of depreciating the English, should national jealousy prompt them to do so. of its proximity to the Asseer country. Loheia, things can long remain in their present barbar-attacks of ophthalmia-a disease greatly ag Yambo, Medina, and other towns on the west ous state. It seems to be a law of nature, that gravated by the want of cleanliness among the coast of Arabia, have each a small garrison to the civilised nations shall conquer and possess people. protect them from the predatory attacks of the those countries in a state of barbarism, and There is a feeling in Egypt in favour of the Bedouins. All the towns of Arabia, under the by such means, however unjustifiable it may French. The commonalty regard that nation Pasha's control, have a civil governor inde- appear at first, extend the blessings of know- as the most powerful in Europe. They say, pendent of the military commandant. The ledge, industry, and commerce, among people the English fleet is the best in the world, and one acts as a check upon the other, and thus hitherto sunk in the most gloomy state of dark- the strongest; but that no army can compete abuse of power is prevented. ness. Mohammed Ali has done some good in with the French. When we arrived at Lùqsor When Mohammed Ali has conquered the Arabia; for, under his government, every (Thebes), we naturally sought admittance into Asseers, or, which is more likely to happen, man's life and property are secure from aggres- the only vacant house in the village, which was has quelled their turbulent spirit by bribes and sion, always excepting the aggression which his one built on the roof of the ancient temple by promises, it is his intention to march a detach- highness may himself with impunity commit. the French, when preparing to carry away ment from Mocha to Aden outside the Straits I do not think the Turco-Egyptian sway will the obelisk; but, to our surprise, admittance of Bab el Mandeb to take possession of that last long; for the Turks are not popular in was denied, on the plea that we were not ancient sea-port, which possesses two excellent Arabia, and the Arabs the Pasha has con- Frenchmen. The naib of the town, a Turk, harbours, and commands the passage into the quered sigh for their ancient freebooting inde- was very indignant at this treatment; but Red Sea. Aden is, at present, governed by a pendence. His son and successor, Ibrahim, had no power to interfere, as the exclusion. marauding sheikh who can make little or no being a man of vigorous mind and good talent, order came from the French consul-general. resistance to the troops of the Pasha. It is part may continue to keep together the scattered A day or two afterwards, a French gentleman of the principality of Senna, but the Imam's portions of his father's extensive dominions; arrived in a boat from Cairo. The guardian authority is hardly recognised. Having be- but, unless his successor be an equally able of the French mansion hastened to the pier, on come master of Aden, the pasha will, undoubt man, the whole fabric will crumble to pieces- seeing the tri-coloured flag, and conducted the edly, endeavour to extend his dominion over the government not being founded on the voyageur to the palais. The natives of Luqsor, Hadramat, a province reaching to the southern affections of the people. on seeing this, said, " Behold the power of the shore of Arabia, and at present parcelled out Egypt is much easier governed than Arabia. Fransees: there are a poor Ingleze lady and among petty princes and sheikhs who are too In the former country, the people being chiefly gentleman, living in a small tent, while the weak to oppose his progress. Marching along confined to the narrow valley of the Nile, live French traveller is enjoying himself in a pathe coast of Hadramat, his highness's soldiers in villages adjoining each other, and are, there-lace." These were the expressions of the igwill enter Oman, and eventually occupy Mus- fore, superintended with greater facility than norant vulgar; but the feeling is almost ge cat and the country on the south-west side of scattered tribes roaming over a vast extent of neral from the Cataracts to Rosetta. It is the Persian Gulf, thus rendering himself master territory. Agriculture is the chief employment heightened by the number of Frenchmen in of the whole peninsula of Arabia, after which of the fellahs of Egypt-a peaceful pursuit, the pasha's army, who are in continual contact the conquest of Bagdad is easy. Mohammed which renders its votaries industrious and con- with the people, and have many opportunities Ali has heard of the power and grandeur of tented with their lot. It is so long, too, since the ancient caliphat, and he longs to found an the Egyptians have possessed a native governempire which shall rival, if not surpass, it in ment, that they do not feel so keenly as other splendour. The Imam of Muscat looks with nations would the galling chains of a foreign The fellahs of Egypt are poor, but indus considerable jealousy and apprehension on his conqueror. For Egypt, therefore, Mohammed trious, docile, and generally well behaved. highness's proceedings at Mocha, and con- Ali entertains no apprehenson. When I was The pasha takes nearly the whole of their protemplated march upon Aden (the high road to in that country I seldom, if ever, met a soldier; duce, whether in cotton, indigo, sugar-cane, or Muscat); and it is supposed that his recent and, indeed, the only considerable garrisons grain, leaving them a bare subsistence. Such present of a line-of-battle ship to the King of were at Siout, Cairo, and Alexandria-the three is their poverty, that they appear frequently in England, was with the view of conciliating the principal towns. Egypt had been drained to rags, having no money to purchase new clothes. friendship of this powerful government in case supply the armies in Syria and Arabia with If a bullock should die, they cannot replace it; of an invasion of his territory by Mohammed reinforcements, troops being more necessary, in and must, therefore, abandon a part of the field Ali's forces. I should imagine that the British those distant possessions, than in a country they have been in the habit of cultivating. government will never permit his highness to which was immediately under the pasha's own The rapacity of the government and the drain extend his conquests so far as Muscat, as well watchful eye. When sailing down the Nile, for the army have thrown much land out of on the score of justice to the Imam, as on the we were struck by the number of old men, cultivation : as a necessary consequence, the ground of policy with reference to its prox. women, and children, employed in irrigating the desert is encroaching every year, and, instead of imity to the coast of India. I doubt the soil, and working in the fields; and the absence fine green fields of corn, the traveller sees, with propriety of our permitting the Pasha to of a young or middle aged peasantry, the chief sorrow, unproductive wastes within reach of the take Aden. His government is, unquestion- labourers in other countries. On repeated in- inundation of the Nile, which, with care and ably, better than that of the lawless sheikhs;quiry we learned, that the young and robust labour, ought to be a garden of abundance. but if, on the principle of humanity, it is better had been forcibly taken away from their homes The people are thus exorbitantly taxed to ento establish a good and regular government, and agricultural pursuits, to serve in his high-able their vice-regal master to extend his fowhich shall secure order and protection to life ness's army and navy; and, to supply their reign conquests; but the possession of Syria and property, in the place of a tyrannical, un- places, the aged men, the women, and children, and Arabia are but a poor set-off against the just government, where neither life nor pro- were obliged to labour. The people cursed misery and wretchedness which these conquests perty are secure, then it is a question, whe- the foreign conquests of their master, which, have caused to the inhabitants of Egypt, the ther we, so intimately connected with that they said, were ruining Egypt, withdrawing fairest gem in the Pasha's diadem. This mis part of the world, in consequence of its being from the culture of the soil her best and finest taken policy does not proceed from cruelty of the best and nearest route to India, and so peasantry, who seldom returned to their native disposition, or indifference to the welfare of his much superior in knowledge, power, and civil-villages, and throwing considerable portions of subjects, on the part of his highness, but from a isation, should not ourselves take and keep pos- land out of cultivation, from want of a sufficient desire to accumulate large sums for present session of Aden, whose noble harbours would be number of hands to till it. The robust vil. exigencies, without reference to the calamities of the greatest benefit to us in the prosecution lagers, we occasionally saw, were generally which must necessarily follow such a pernicious of our Indian steam navigation plans. Besides maimed; some wanting the thumb of the right system. The pasha thinks that, if he keeps giving us a power and consequence in Arabia, hand, or four side teeth, which they had chop-every thing in his own hands--if he is his own Abyssinia, and the northern coast of Africa, ped off or extracted, that they might not be which we do not at present possess, it would be pressed into the Pasha's military service. the means of extending our knowledge and reli. Many had lost one eye, some both eyes, from gion over countries, and amongst people, at pre-agency or factory on the southern coast of Arabia, which sent immersed in the profoundest ignorance. they visited in two ships of war, (the Peacock and the One thing is certain: either Mohammed Ali, or some other powerful state, will take possession of Aden, and all the other principal sea-ports in that quarter; for it is utterly impossible that The Americans, in 1835, attempted to found an Shepherdess). It is probable they will renew the attempt. merchant—his own manufacturer—if he is the farmer of his own country, and allows his servants and work-people merely sufficient to live on-that he must, as a necessary consequence, appropriate the profits of trade, manufactures, and agriculture to himself, which, in other countries, are the reward of private skill, enterprise, and industry; and that, therefore, he must become much richer than other sovereigas not adopting similar measures. His |