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their hunting grounds, by bringing the arts of taken place. He sought to convince Red Jacket husbandry up to the line of demarcation. The that a spirit of forbearance on his part, and a History of the Indian Tribes of North America, deer, the buffalo, and the elk, were gone. On yielding to the Christian party the right, which with Biographical Sketches and Anecdotes of Red Jacket's system, his people should have he claimed for himself, to believe as he pleased the Principal Chiefs. Embellished with One followed them; but he chose to remain, and on the subject of religion, would have prevented Hundred and Twenty Portraits from the yet refused to adopt those arts and institutions the mortifying result of his expulsion from Indian Gallery in the Department of War, which alone could preserve his tribe from an office and power. At the conclusion of this at Washington. By Thomas L. M'Kenney, early and ignominious extinction. It must talk, during which Red Jacket never took his late of the Indian Department, Washington, also be stated, in fairness, that the missionaries keen and searching eye off the speaker, he and James Hall, Esq. of Cincinnati. Vol. I. are not always men fitted for their work. turned to the interpreter, saying, with his No. 1, fol. London, 1837. Campbell and Co. Many of them have been destitute of the talents finger pointing in the direction of his people, WE rejoice, after much expectation, to see the and information requisite in so arduous an en- and of his home, Our father has got a long first portion of this great and national work terprise; some have been bigoted and over eye!' He then proceeded to vindicate himself, ready to issue from the press. Its subject is zealous, and others have wanted temper and and his cause, and to pour out upon the black most interesting, its form and style most be- patience. Ignorant of the aboriginal languages, coats the phials of his wrath. It was finally coming, and its illustrations" a dainty dish to and obliged to rely upon interpreters to whom arranged, however, that he was to go home, set before the king;" for his majesty, as we religion was an occult science, they, doubtless, and there, in a council that was directed to be mentioned in the Literary Gazette of Feb. 4, often conveyed very different impressions from convened for the purpose, express his willinghas graciously placed his royal name at the head those which they intended. 'What have you ness to bury the hatchet, and leave it to those of the list of its patrons. said to them?' inquired a missionary once, of who might choose to be Christians to adopt the The history is divided into two parts one the interpreter who had been expounding his ceremonies of that religion; whilst for himself, giving a biographical account of famous Indian sermon. 'I told them you have a message to and those who thought like him, he claimed chiefs, warriors, &c.; and the other, a general them from the Great Spirit,' was the reply. I the privilege to follow the faith of his fathers. view of the origin and destinies of the various said no such thing,' cried the missionary; tell Whereupon, and as had been promised him at tribes and nations. In the former we have, them I am come to speak of God, the only Washington, the council unanimously replaced together with striking portraits of the indi- living and true God, and of the life that is to him in the office of chief, which he held till his viduals, the lives of Red Jacket, a splendid be hereafter.-Well, what have you said?' death, which happened soon after. It is due orator of the Senecas; of Kish-kallo-wa, aThat you will tell them about Manito and the to him to state, that a cause, which has reShawnee chief; of Mohongo, an Osage woman land of Spirits.' 'Worse and worse!' ex- tarded the progress of Christianity in all lands (who, with her child, makes quite a Murillo claimed the embarrassed preacher; and such is, lying adjacent to Christian nations, naturally picture); of Shingaba W'Ossin, a Chippewa; doubtless, the history of many sermons which influenced his mind. He saw many individuals and of Pushmataha, a Choctaw, all more or have been delivered to the bewildered heathen. in Christendom who were worse than pagans. less celebrated in the annals of the red men. There is another cause which has seldom failed He did not know that few of these professed to Before looking at the historical narrative, which to operate in opposition to any fair experiment be Christians, and that a still smaller number is, indeed, only begun in this No. to the extent in reference to the civilisation of the Indians. practised the precepts of our religion; but, of twenty pages, our readers may like to have The frontiers are always infested by a class of judging them in the mass, he saw little that a nearer glance at some traits of these indi- adventurers, whose plans of speculation are best was desirable in the moral character of the viduals: thus we are told of Red Jacket :- promoted by the ignorance of the Indian; who, whites, and nothing inviting in their faith. "Red Jacket was the foe of the white man. therefore, steadily thwart every benevolent It was with these views that Red Jacket, in His nation was his god; her honour, preserv-attempt to enlighten the savage; and who are council, in reply to the proposal to establish a ation, and liberty, his religion. He hated the as ingenious as they are busy, in framing in- mission among his people, said, with inimitable missionary of the cross, because he feared some sinuations to the discredit of those engaged in severity and shrewdness, Your talk is fair and secret design upon the lands, the peace, or the benevolent designs towards this unhappy race. good; but I propose this. Go, try your hand independence of the Senecas. He never un- Whatever was the policy of Red Jacket, or the in the town of Buffalo, for one year: they need derstood Christianity. Its sublime disinter- reasons on which it was founded, he was the missionaries, if you can do what you say. If, estedness exceeded his conceptions. He was a steady, skilful, and potent foe of missions in in that time, you should have done them any keen observer of human nature; and saw that, his tribe, which became divided into two fac-good, and made them any better, then we will among white and red men, sordid interest was tions, one of which was called the Christian, let you come among our people.' A gentleman, equally the spring of action. He, therefore, and the other the pagan, party. The Christian who saw Red Jacket in 1820, describes him as naturally enough suspected every stranger who party, in 1827, outnumbered the pagan; and being then apparently sixty years old. He was came to his tribe of some design on their little Red Jacket was formally, and by a vote of the dressed with much taste, in the Indian costume and dearly prized dominions; and felt towards council, displaced from the office of chief of the throughout, but had not a savage look. the Christian missionary as the Trojan priestess Senecas, which he had held ever since his tri- form was erect, and not large; and his face did towards the wooden horse of the Greeks. umph over Corn Plant. He was greatly affected noble. He wore a blue dress, the upper gar. He saw, too, that the same influence which by this decision, and made a journey to Wash-ment cut after the fashion of a hunting shirt; tended to reduce his wandering tribe to civilised ington to lay his griefs before his great father. with blue leggins, very neat moccasins, a red habits, must necessarily change his whole sys- His first call on arriving at Washington was on jacket, and a girdle of red about his waist. tem of policy. He wished to preserve the in- Colonel M'Kenney, who was in charge of the His eye was fine, his forehead lofty and capategrity of his tribe by keeping the Indians and bureau of Indian affairs. That officer was cious, and his bearing calm and dignified. white men apart, while the direct tendency of well informed, through his agent, of all that Previous to entering into any conversation the missionary system was to blend them in had passed among the Senecas, and of the de- with our informant, who had been introduced one society, and to bring them under a common cision of the council, and the cause of its dis- to him under the most favourable auspices, he religion and government. While it annihilated placing Red Jacket. After the customary inquired, What are you-a gambler (meaning paganism, it dissolved the nationality of the shaking of hands, Red Jacket spoke, saying, a land-speculator), a sheriff, or a black coat?' tribe. In the wilderness, far from white men, I have a talk for my father.' Tell him,' Upon ascertaining that the interview was not the Indians might rove in pursuit of game, and answered Colonel M'Kenney, I have one for sought for any specific object, other than that remain a distinct people; but the district of him. I will make it, and will then listen to of seeing and conversing with himself, he beland reserved for the Senecas was not as large him.' Colonel M'Kenney narrated all that had came easy and affable, and delivered his sentias the smallest county in New York, and was passed between the two parties, taking care ments freely on the subject which had divided now surrounded by an ever-growing population, not to omit the minute incidents that had com- his tribe, and disturbed himself, for many impatient to possess their lands, and restricting bined to produce the open rupture that had years. He said, 'that he had no doubt that

His

·

Christianity was good for white people, but | Be sure that my grave be not made by a white commanding general for striking a soldier with that the red men were a different race, and re- man; let them not pursue me there!' He died his sword. When asked by the commander quired a different religion. He believed that on the 20th of January, 1830, at his residence why he had committed this act of violence, Jesus Christ was a good man, and that the near Buffalo. With him fell the spirit of his he replied that the soldier had been rude to his whites should all be sent to hell for killing people. They gazed upon his fallen form, and wife, and that he had only given him a blow or him; but the red men, having no hand in his mused upon his prophetic warnings, until their two with the side of the sword, to teach him death, were clear of that crime. The Saviour hearts grew heavy with grief. The neighbour- better manners. But, if it had heen you, gewas not sent to them, the atonement not made ing missionary, with a disregard for the feel-neral, instead of a private soldier,' continued for them, nor the Bible given to them; and, ings of the bereaved, and the injunctions of he, I should have used the sharp edge of my therefore, the Christian religion was not in- the dead, for which it is difficult to account, sword, in defence of my wife, who has come so tended for them. If the Great Spirit had in- assembled his party, took possession of the far to visit a great warrior like myself.' At a tended they should be Christians, he would body, and conveyed it to their meeting-house. time when a guard of eight or ten men was have made his revelation to them as well as to The immediate friends of Red Jacket, amazed kept at the Agency, one of the soldiers, having the whites; and, not having made it, it was at the transaction, abandoned the preparations become intoxicated, was ordered to be confined; clearly his will that they should continue in they were making for the funeral rites, and fol- and, as there was no guardhouse, the temporary the faith of their fathers.' The whole life of lowed the body in silence to the place of worship, arrest was effected by tying the offender. the Seneca chief was spent in vain endeavours where a service was performed which, consider- Pushmataba, seeing the man in this situation, to preserve the independence of his tribe, and ing the opinions of the deceased, was as idle as it inquired the cause; and, on being informed, in active opposition, as well to the plans of was indecorous. They were then told, from the exclaimed, 'Is that all?' and immediately untied civilisation proposed by the benevolent, as to sacred desk, that, if they had any thing to say, the unfortunate soldier, remarking, coolly,the attempts at encroachment on the part of the they had now an opportunity. Incredulity and Many good warriors get drunk.' At a meetmercenary. His views remained unchanged, scorn were pictured on the face of the Indians, ing of business at the Agency, at which several and his mental powers unimpaired, to the last. and no reply was made, except by a chief American gentlemen, and some of the chief The only weakness, incident to the degenerate called Green Blanket, who briefly remarked, men of the Choctaw nation, were present, the condition of his tribe, into which he permitted This house was built for the white man; the conversation turned upon the Indian custom of himself to fall, was that of intoxication. Like friends of Red Jacket cannot be heard in it.' marrying a plurality of wives. Pushmataha all Indians, he loved ardent spirits; and, al- Notwithstanding this touching appeal, and the remarked that he had two wives, and intended though his ordinary habits were temperate, he dying injunctions of the Seneca chief, his re- to have always the same number. Being occasionally gave himself up to the dreadful mains were taken to the grave prepared by the asked if he did not think the practice wrong, temptation, and spent several days in succes- whites, and interred. Some of the Indians the chief replied, No: is it not right that sion in continual drinking. The circumstances followed the corpse; but the more immediate every woman should be married? and how attending his decease were striking, and we friends of Red Jacket took a last view of their can that be, when there are more women than shall relate them in the language of one who lifeless chief in the sanctuary of that religion men, unless some men marry more than one? witnessed the facts which he states. For some which he had always opposed, and hastened When our great father, the president, caused months previous to his death, time had made from a scene which overwhelmed them with the Indians to be counted last year, it was such ravages on his constitution as to render humiliation and sorrow. Thus early did the found that the women were most numerous; him fully sensible of his approaching dissolution. foot of the white man trample on the dust of and, if one man could have but one wife, some To that event he often adverted, and always in the great chief, in accordance with his own women would have no husband.' the language of philosophic calmness. He visited prophetic declaration." "He was taken sick at Washington, and successively all his most intimate friends at The countenance of the Choctaw chief is died in a strange land. When he found their cabins, and conversed with them, upon wonderfully allied to the Tartar; and affords that his end was approaching, he called his the condition of the nation, in the most im- strong physical evidence of the truth of the companions around him, and desired them to pressive and affecting manner. He told them theory, that these Indians were, originally, raise him up, to bring his arms, and to decorate that he was passing away, and his counsels branches of the great Tartar stock, and, toge. him with all his ornaments, that his death would soon be heard no more. He ran over ther with many of their animals, &c., derived might be that of a man. He was particularly the history of his people from the most remote from the table-land of Asia. anxious that his interment should be accomperiod to which his knowledge extended, and | In his fancy uniform he looks very like some panied with military honours; and when a pointed out, as few could, the wrongs, the Russian commander of Cossack or Mongolian promise was kindly given that his wishes privations, and the loss of character, which breed and lineage. Of him, the author says: should be fulfilled, he became cheerful, and almost of themselves constituted that history. "He attended a council, held in 1823, near conversed with composure until the moment 'I am about to leave you,' said he; and the residence of Major Pitchlynn, a wealthy when he expired without a groan. In con when I am gone, and my warnings shall be no trader among the Choctaws, and at a distance versation with his Indian friends shortly before longer heard, or regarded, the craft and avarice of eighty miles from his own habitation. The his death, he said, 'I shall die, but you will of the white man will prevail. Many winters business was closed on the 3d of July; and on return to our brethren. As you go along the have I breasted the storm, but I am an aged the following day, the anniversary of our inde- paths, you will see the flowers, and hear the tree, and can stand no longer. My leaves are pendence, a dinner was given by Major Pitch- birds sing; but Pushmataha will see them and fallen, my branches are withered, and I am lynn to Colonel Ward, the agent of the govern- hear them no more. When you shall come to shaken by every breeze. Soon my aged trunk ment of the United States, and the principal your home, they will ask you, Where is Pushwill be prostrate, and the foot of the exulting chiefs who were present. When the guests mataha? and you will say to them, He is no foe of the Indian may be placed upon it in were about to depart, it was observed that more. They will hear the tidings like the safety; for I leave none who will be able to General Pushmataha had no horse; and as he sound of the fall of a mighty oak in the stillness avenge such an indignity. Think not I mourn was getting to be too old to prosecute so long a of the woods.' The only speech made by for myself: I go to join the spirits of my journey on foot, the government agent sug- Pushmataha, on the occasion of his visit to fathers, where age cannot come; but my heart gested to Mr. Pitchlynn the propriety of pre- Washington, was the following. It was infails when I think of my people, who are soon senting him a horse. This was readily agreed tended by him to be an opening address, which, to be scattered and forgotten.' These several to, on the condition that the chief would pro- had he lived, he would doubtless have followed interviews were all concluded with detailed in- mise not to exchange the horse for whisky; by another more like himself. We took it structions respecting his domestic affairs, and and the old warrior, mounted upon a fine down as he spoke it. The person addressed his funeral. There had long been a missionary young animal, went upon his way rejoicing. was the secretary of war. Father, I have among the Senecas, who was sustained by a It was not long before he visited the Agency been here some time. I have not talked-have party among the natives, while Red Jacket on foot, and it was discovered that he had lost, been sick. You shall hear me talk to-day. I denounced the man in dark dress,' and depre- his horse in betting at ball-play. But did you belong to another district. You have no doubt cated the feud by which his nation was dis-not promise Mr. Pitchlynn,' said the agent, heard of me I am Pushmataha. Father, tracted. In his dying injunctions to those that you would not sell his horse?' 'I did when in my own country, I often looked toaround him, he repeated his wishes respecting so, in the presence of yourself and many others,' wards this council house, and wanted to come his interment. Bury me,' said he, by the replied the chief; but I did not promise that here. I am in trouble. I will tell my disside of my former wife; and let my funeral be I would not risk the horse on a game of ball. tresses. I feel like a small child, not half as according to the customs of our nation. Let It is said that, during the late war, General high as its father, who comes up to look in his me he dressed and equipped as my fathers were, Pushmataha, having joined our southern army father's face, hanging in the bend of his arm, that their spirits may rejoice in my coming. with some of his warriors, was arrested by the to tell him his troubles. So, father, I hang in

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