fectly fluid, and had evinced little, if any, tendency to coagulate. "3. The skin covering the extravasated TIONAL MONTHLY. and diffluent blood was unbroken-the cu DECEMBER, 1864. THE HOPLEY CASE. four years, as our readers may ber, since all England was in a irtuous indignation. A schoolanding high in his profession; a careful and successful teacher; ed to have been an honest and nan, was arraigned on a charge - He had beaten a pupil so often verely that death was the result. er's name was Hopley-the boy's Cancellor. The boy was sullen, and intractable; the teacher was ed. There were doubts upon the some, as to whether the flogging cause of death; but the modggested doubts of these were Le by public clamor. Hopley was 1, and sentenced to penal servihe public desired a capital convict the judge and jury would not hem. me doubters have at length got the it. Those who read the evidence case will remember that on postexamination it was shown that the ood was perfectly liquid for several er his death. On the publication of , this fact attracted the attention of ic men. They investigated the mat came at once to the conclusion that ath was not caused by the flogging Out the punishment, from the tokens ust have been by no means unusual. Oservations in the case, will present hole matter in a new light. , CAVENDISH PLACE, CAVENDISH Square, The faculty at large concurred in this and view of the distinguished surgeon; after a close examination of the evidence, and the opinions of experts, the Home Secretary, Sir George Grey, caused a pardon to be issued. Hopley was restored to society, and his reputation vindicated. But the record of the conviction remains, and thousands, who will never hear of the pardon, or its cause, will associate his name and huntality It is a case of The whole circumstances have been detailed at some length in a recently published pamphlet. In reading this it is impossible to doubt that Hopley was a humane and conscientious man, anxious to do his duty to his pupil and himself, and the victim of unfortuitous circumstances. His punishment is a warning to teachers to study closely the physical condition as well as the intellectual ability of their pupils, and to use the rod only in those cases where, if it be necessary, its effects will not result in a manner so fearful to the pupil. The peculiarity of the boy Cancellor, it appears from the medical authorities quoted in the pamphlet, is by no means uncommon; and a similar one might occur on this side of the Atlautic. A PROPER NAMES. correspondent complains of the difference of pronunciation among the authors of text-books on geography. He instances one name which is pronounced by one writer-Buay-nos-i-res, by another, Bo-no-a-riz, and by yet two others, Bo-nusa-riz. He asks which is right. We think that neither are. If the word be pronounced as pure Spanish, without some local modification of sound, it would be Boo-en'-oseah'-ir-aze. The name is a compound one from buenos [boo-en'-ose] a masculine adjective, plural, meaning good, great, strong, etc., and aires [ah'-ir-aze] a masculine substantive, plural, meaning airs, winds, aspect, etc. He farther asks us to show the standard of proper pronunciation in such cases. It is a large demand to comply with, for which we have not the space. All we can do is to give some general remarks. Where foreign names have a thoroughly conventional spelling and pronunciation, those should be followed. Thus we write and pronounce Vienna [Ve-en'-na], Naples [Na'-plz], and Rome. Were we to fall back on Wien, Napoli, and Roma, we would be guilty of ridiculous pedantry, and would be obliged to translate as we spoke for the ben There is little difficulty in determin the correct sounds. As a general th foreign tongues, unlike the English I guage, have no exceptional pronunciati The sounds of the letters having been quired in Spanish, Italian, German, Poli and Magyar-and this can be done in very short while, any proper name in th languages may be correctly and read pronounced. Most of these sounds ha corresponding ones in our own langua Where they have not they may be obtain from a native, or some accomplished 1 guist. Thus the ni in "onion" is identi with the gn of the French, the ny of t Hungarians, and the of the Spaniards; t ch of the Germans, which is also an Arab sound, is found in the formation of t Scotch "loch;" the 8 and 88 of the Magya differing only in intensity, the sch of t Germans, and the sz of the Poles, are th same as our sh; while the ö of German and Magyars, the short sound of eu French, and that peculiar Polish dent guttural, represented by an 7 with a curv of contrary flexure laid across its middl have no corresponding sounds in our lan guage. There is another difference to b noted. In some European languages each sound is distinctly given, while in other many of them melt into each other. Thus in Spanish, Santiago is Sant-ee-ah'-go, no Sant-yea'-go; while Kosciusko is really Kos-shew'-sko in three syllables, and not Kos-se-us'-ko in four, the e and oo so melting into each other as to produce nearly the sound of the English u in "mute.” It will be seen then that there is little bar in the way of a teacher who desires to pronunciation of proper names languages. It is equally easy no write text-books on geograuire the same kind of knowlt is possible that they do not O SHOOTING ALLOWED. pol-teachers of Westphalia reessed a petition, to the Prussian Representatives, requesting the unting to be accorded to them. e after looking at the matter and in all its aspects, and after lemnly smoked divers pipes of and having swallowed several Rhenish, came to the conclusion s inexpedient to grant the prayer London, November 9, 1864. n and Westminster I find the exisunwritten tradition, which emws for the government of those In other institutions the personal of the preceptor is recognized as he relation of the scholar to his as governed by sincere respect for acter and acquisitions. Dr. Arnold, ofessor Stuart, of Andover, conhis pupils by the earnestness of his and in one of his letters has said, e learned by experience that the undation of good government in depends on the character of the elation. Certainly the relation beparent and child in other countries ope is on a different footing; there e of cordial intimacy, more of real r friendship, than generally exist us." poreal punishment has not yet been ed in the higher English schools. on, even pupils in the "sixth form," able to it in certain cases of gross on of duty. But it is always adered by the "Head Master." re is a tradition at Eton which gives ity to the flogging system among the When Lord Holland, during the entury, sent his son Charles James the celebrated English orator and ter, to pursue his studies beneath its be seen in the famous. "Blue Coat" school at London. There over seven hundred youths are controlled by these unwritten orders. A few are given as examples of the rest-" In Temple; oculi ne vagantor -Silentium esto-Nihil profanum legitor -In Schola clare ad preceptorem loquitor -ortho graphice scribito-In atrio; ne quis fluestras saxis pilisque petito"-and in general," aut disce, aut discede." You will frequently hear boys of eight and ten years of age repeating these as glibly as the Lord's prayer. While there is a decided tendency to resort to the flogging system in extreme cases, there is also a disposition, which is increasing in power, to treat the pupil as a gentleman, as early as practicable. Especially is this tried among those institutions controlled by the Society of Friends. One of these, which contains about 300 pupils, has this stipulation in its regulations. "Our youth should be trained with a strict regard to truth and integrity, as well as simplicity and plainness of speech, behavior, dress, and apparel, and they should be warned against the vain fashions, corrupt customs, and unprofitable conversation of the world, and against the public pastimes and pernicious diversions of the age." While this is praiseworthy, there is often danger, especially in our day, that too much freedom may be allowed. Sir Fowell Buxton, the friend of Wilberforce, has left on record, in his letters to his son, a noble object for the attainment of a liberal minded youth, "Let your first study be, to show to the world, that you are not a man of straw, but that something of iron exists in your nature; Let men know, that you will do what you have said you will, that you have firm and not weak purposes which control your actions." Thomas Arnold was a remarkable example of such conduct in that miniature world, the school. Though liable to depression, he found relief in the incessant activity of Christian love. The reaction of his determined will brought relief to his spirit, and when in gloom with regard to duty, he But I hasten from the internal gove ment of the English schools to those rangements so necessary for the comfor the scholars in regard to food, lodging, clothing. Eton has about 700 pupils, of which o 70 live in the institution; the rest, v have the surname of "oppidans, "* reside private houses, kept generally by wom who are called by the boys "dames." E of these matrons receives her authority board the scholars from the Head Mast who can withdraw this permission if t oversight is not satisfactory. Dr. Arn would never allow his pupils to board any other family except those of his su masters, because, to quote his own wor he was sure that such households were "epitome of the whole school." The internal arrangements for sleepi are admirable. In the Charter Hou school, at London, they [the bedsteads are so framed as to assume the forms secretaries, in the upper portion of whi books are stored. The neatness and ord of the sleeping rooms at Westminster an Eton are well known. Particular attentio is paid to the warming, lighting, and ver tilation of the apartments. At the Blu Coat school there is a proverb, that "clea liness is next to godliness." In cases sickness, in addition to the best medic skill, first-class nurses, generally middle aged matrons, are furnished in great num bers. The servants are always young mer of good moral character, generally well educated, who perform all menial offices because they are well paid for them. I fact, every provision is made for the prope training of those who are to act as gentle men, and should have the manners of such May the day be not far distant, when ou wealthy merchants shall be willing to be stow their fortunes on similar institution: -making them the homes of noble youth who shall be kindly cared for, and trained for usefulness among men. Yours sincerely, H. E. D. SCIENCE AND THE ARTS. -On May 19, Mr. Nasmyth stated at the Royal Institution that the bulk of the moon, as compared with that of the earth, was as 1 to 49, while the surfaces were as 1 to 16. Supposing, then, that the earth and moon were formed at the same time by a condensation of nebulous matter, the moon, because of its greater surface as compared with its bulk, would cool much more rapidly than the earth, and therefore solidify much sooner. Hence, it must be *See the leading paper on Eton in our October number. great antiquity, and, from the ir and water, its surface can one no change for millions of regards the numerous cracks on the moon's surface as rethe contraction of the crust -eriod of its rapid congelation. ng his lecture on June 10th, I entered into a consideration ges which the molecules of a iron undergo, when it becomes induced magnet by means of ssed through a surrounding at such changes occur is proved that, when the bar is magnetlemagnetized in succession by aking the current, it is thrown tion causing an audible sound. apposed this alteration to be ata shortening of the bar, but Dr. shown that the bar is lengthened. te experiment, proving this, was a large audience by means of iously arranged apparatus. Upon end of the bar rested a brass rod, means of delicate leverage, acted ir-spring turning a small mirror. conversion into an induced magbar lengthened, and thereby dehe mirror. As the amount of dewas too slight to be directly perthe audience, a ray of light was upon a screen from the mirror, motion of which caused a very ble change in position of the reay. I. Regnault communicated to the Academy an interesting paper conchlorid of copper. A plate of copped in a solution of the perchlorid er or iron, becomes covered with chlorid as a greyish white layer, s remarkable for its sensibility to A negative placed on a plate so ised gives a positive picture of eauty. Professor Evans has published a n Silliman's Journal for September, ount for the peculiar action of oil IL 17 |