Origins of Phobias and Anxiety Disorders: Why More Women than Men?

Abnormal Psychology activation adolescence adult agoraphobia amygdala anxiety and depression anxiety disorders anxiety sensitivity arousal associated attentional bias attributed autonomic aversive stimuli avoidance behavior Barlow behavioral inhibition Behaviour Research biases bodily sensations Borkovec Chapter childhood Clinical cognitive Cognitive Therapy conditioning contextual contribute cortisol Craske cues Davey developmental distress elevated emotion regulation environmental evaluation evidence example experiences facial expressions fear and anxiety females genetic influences girls Grillon heart rate increased interoceptive intrusive thoughts Journal of Abnormal Kendler levels males Mathews Mineka mood negative affectivity neuroticism obsessive–compulsive disorder offspring onset panic attacks panic disorder parents patients percent physiological posttraumatic stress disorder potential predicted Rachman reactions reactivity Research and Therapy response risk for anxiety role salience and threat samples separation anxiety disorder sex differences social phobia specific phobias stimuli stressors style of emotion symptoms temperament threat value threat-based style trauma unconditioned stimulus vagal tone versus whereas worry