tion without mentioning the name of the lady who has worked day after day for the last thirteen years.

In 1850 Mrs. Chisholm, who arrived in England in 1847, founded the Family Colonization Loan Society, which encouraged the working men to pay for passages to Australia by a small loan; and which established a superior style of accommodation for third-class passengers.

Mrs. Chisholm and her husband, Captain Chisholm, did all the work. A few noblemen and gentlemen subscribed not quite two thousand pounds, with which upwards of one thousand emigrants have been sent out, who undertook to repay the loans, and thus assist other friends and relations. To work out the plan Captain Chisholm separated himself from his family, and went out to Australia to receive instalments and assist in the union of families. During the panic which fell upon merchants and manufacturers in the spring of 1852, lest all the Australian flocks should be lost for want of shepherds, and no wool come home for Yorkshire, the leading Australian merchants subscribed a sum of money and joined the original society. But the magnitude of the operation of small instalments, and the disappearance of the wool freight, slackened their zeal; and the only result of the amalgamation was, that the society ceased either to send out ships or receive instal

ments.

The result was fortunate. Australian emigration no longer requires the aid of charitable societies. But the rules prepared by the experience of Mrs. Chisholm afford a model for the imitation of those who desire to emigrate together, or for trades or benefit societies who think it better rather to lend money to fellow-workmen to emigrate than support them in idleness here.

Associations for family colonization loan societies will eventually prove the best kinds of benefit societies for working men.

Family colonization may be carried out in any town, with or without a loan; but, now that wages are so high and certain in Australia, working men can afford to lend to working men without asking charity from any one.

ABSTRACT OF RULES FOR SHIP BOARD.

The advantages may be classed under independence, increased comfort during voyage, and domestic happiness.

"Arrangements for the Voyage. Having arranged to go out in a specified vessel, and the day of her sailing fixed, the emigrants are all divided into family groups, containing twelve adults, who can take their meals together during the passage. The object of this arrangement is that friends and relatives may unite and aid each other in their common emigration, and induce a social intimacy

FAMILY COLONIZATION-ON BOARD SHIP.

261 among strangers previous to embarkation. Families and individuals who cannot meet with persons wishing to emigrate from their own locality have thus an opportunity of meeting desirable associates, and mutually forming a group advantageous both to their present and future views. Friendless females and orphan girls are introduced to families, and placed under their special guardianship.

"Cabins. Enclosed cabins are furnished to each family, of a size according to the number of individuals. One enclosed cabin is allotted to seven single females. The arrangement of the cabins is such as to provide for perfect order, decorum, and morality.

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"Matronly Duties.-These duties were performed (gratuitously) by six females of an appropriate age, selected by Mrs. Chisholm. They undertake the duty of seeing that all the young females are in their sleeping apartments at a proper hour. “Amusements.—Arrangements are made for amusements on board; and parents of mature age are requested, for the sake of the young, to be present on such occasions, so that there may be mirth without danger, and amusement without remorse.

"Personal Comfort.-Much personal comfort arises from all the passengers being on a footing of equality. There is no classification, and all possess the privilege of walking on the poop. When preparing their meals, also, the passengers are not disturbed by cabin or intermediate passengers, as none other than the society's emigrants are allowed a passage in the same ship.

"Ship Regulations.-The following extracts from the Rules and Regulations' enforced on board all the society's vessels show that every attention was paid to the morality, health, comfort, and safety of the passengers. These regulations are all carried out under the superintendence of the surgeon :

"The groups choose six persons from their body, called the group committee, whose duty it is to preserve order on the lower deck, and see that deck kept clean; to attend during the issue of provisions, to see that each mess has the proper allowance; and to keep a register of the brands on the various casks of provisions, that they may know they are consuming the provisions put on board for their use.

"All complaints to be made to the surgeon, through the medium of the group committees, in order that he may apply to the captain.

"The emigrants prepare their food for cooking, and take it to and receive it from the cook appointed in the emigrants' service. This duty should always be done by a man from each mess. It is not proper for respectable females to go forward amongst the ship's crew.

"As ventilation and cleanliness are essential to the health and well-being of every person on board, it is earnestly recommended that the bedding, &c., from the several berths be brought on deck twice in each week, aired, and the berths well cleaned.'

"Bedding.—Passengers must provide themselves with bedding the size of mattress for a double-bed place, 3 ft. by 6 ft. ; for a single berth, 2 ft. by 6 ft. Feather beds are on no account permitted.

"Security for the Emigrants' Comfort and Health.-In order that the passengers may be amply secured against their health being impaired by the overcrowding, ten per cent. is added to the space allowed by the Passengers' Act. In addition to a vastly increased space, the passengers are accommodated with a washhouse upon deck. No wine, beer, or spirits, are allowed to be sold to the

emigrants; and shaving on crossing the line, burning tar-barrels, or throwing water over the emigrants (as has been customary), is strictly prohibited.

"To prevent waste, parties not drawing the quantity to which they are entitled receive the quantity due to them on leaving the ship. This reserve will be useful to them if they go up the country, or until they have permanent employment.

"All the groups are provided with printed receipts for their weekly rations, and also for medical comforts, should they be required. Scales, weights, and measures, are put on board."

The above abstract will give an idea of the advantage of associated over isolated emigration. "Family colonization" and the loan plan have been imitated by Sir Charles Trevelyan in his Highland emigration plan, without acknowledgment. But he induced the government to give free passages to his emigrants, which under the circumstances they were justified in doing, although contrary to all the printed rules and principles of the Emigration Commissioners. There is no reason why the Commissioners should not alter their rules and improve. The complaint is that they pretend never to change, and are always changing. Outfit.

The following paper on outfit appeared in "Household Words," and contains a summary of useful information :

"Preparations for Voyage.

"The first general rule is to take as much money, and as little of a useless or cumbrous nature, as possible. This rule especially applies to purchases. Those who are leaving a well-furnished house or shop will do well to review their possessions and select a number of useful articles which are not large, not heavy, and not worth much to sell. In travelling to a strange place, porterage, wharfage, and warehouse room are very expensive. At Sydney the ship goes up to the wharf; at Port Phillip there is a steam voyage from Hobson's Bay, at an extra expense, up the Yarra; and at Adelaide there are seven miles of land carting from the port to the town to be paid for.

"The common practice of an intending emigrant is to discard all he has, and set out with a bran-new stock of everything. The reverse is the better plan- Begin by mustering what you have got, and see how much will do.' A single man should be in light marching order, and should endeavour to take no more clothes than he could, at a pinch, make up in a bundle and carry, groaning, on his back for a mile. "A family should take no cumbrous furniture, no pianos, no mangles, unless proceeding to settle near friends in a seaport of the colonies, where labour has become too dear to pay for making chairs and tables.

OUTFIT AND 'BOARD SHIP CLOTHING.

263 A chair that folds up flat may be useful for 'mamma,' so may a light metal bedstead; knives and forks, pewter plates, and teapots will be useful on the voyage, and in town or bush; so will plated articles, and many little household things that weigh little, take up no great room, and sell for nothing at an auction.

"Beware of ingenious costly cabin fittings; consult some experienced sea-going friend; half the articles that look tempting in a show-room are useless at sea. It is well for a family party to have just enough to enable them to enter the first suitable empty house in Melbourne or Sydney, and commence housekeeping at once, with a trunk for a seat and a tea-chest for a table. But persons going to the interior should remember that carriage is dear at all times. Three pounds were paid in December for half a horseload, for thirty miles, to the Shoalhaven diggings, over a mountain track.

"Every party of not less than four should take a small three-pole tent, such as Edgington makes. A workman may take his tools-a digger a navvy's spade, a pick, and a heavy crowbar; but cradles and carts, and all the heavy paraphernalia recommended in ironmongers' lists, are better bought in the colony, to which first-rate merchants are largely shipping from the advices of their own correspondents. Half such outfits will be found useless, and half the remainder unserviceable. Clothes are nearly as cheap in the colonies as in England. They should be selected with a view to very cold as well as warm weather. The mining districts are subject to snow, sleet, and torrents of rain. A large loose coat of the best pilot cloth, made after the fashion of a soldier's great-coat down to the heels, with a large waterproof cape, loose sleeves, and capacious pockets inside, is a capital travelling companion. For bush travelling a full-sized blanket is indispensable.

"On board ship any old trousers, if warm or light enough, according to the weather, will do. Shoes without heels on board. In the colonies good strong wellington boots, of the best materials, and not too tight. Waterproof boots are a mistake; the water comes in at the top, and stays there until let out by a hole. In the bush, and at the diggings, woollen jerseys, blue or red, are the wear, and blue striped shirts, where woollen is not worn. In the chief towns of Australia gentlemen dress exactly as they do in England, allowing for the difference of climate, and, except boots, the prices are about the same. Both woollen and cotton stockings are needed. Hats can be bought in the colony cheap enough; two caps, one to be blown away, will be sufficient for the voyage. The following is the lowest scale of outfit required by the government commissioners from free passengers :—

"And they supply each emigrant, in return for the deposit of one or two pounds, with a mattress, bolster, blankets, counterpane, canvass bag, knife, fork, and drinking-mug.

"In Family Colonization ships closets were provided with cisterns, pumps, and taps, in which, with marine soap, the emigrants can wash their clothes without being seen. This saves each emigrant at least thirty shillings in outfit-for two pairs of stockings will, for example, do for the voyage-and these closets should be universally adopted, as an extra five shillings a head on the passage-money would pay the shipowner, and be cheap to the emigrants. Each passenger is also required to provide a mattress three feet by six feet for a double bed, and two feet by six feet for a single bed, and the following articles :

all of which, except the sand, Bath brick, and scrubbing-brush, will be requisite for every steerage or intermediate passenger in private ships. The hammer and tacks, with a few yards of list, are most useful. It must be remembered that at sea everything not made fast with cords or nails rolls about.

"Luggage should be divided thus: First-Not Wanted on Voyage; and so marked in large letters, packed in sound water-tight cases or barrels. Second-Wanted on Voyage; so marked, and will be hauled on deck, for which cording or handle is needful, about once every fortnight. Third-For Use in Cabin or Berth; for this last purpose a bag of leather, or two small boxes easily lifted, will be found most convenient.

"As to ships and stores, we may state that good ships sail from all