fucceeded in throwing off the yoke, and are thus placed in fucceffion, though living during the identical period taken up by the 27th Perfian dynafty.

(ttt) Page 88.

Herodotus informs us, that before the capture of Sardis, 544 years before Chrift, Crocfus and his predeceffors Alyattes, Sadyattes, Ardys and Gyges, had reigned over Lydia 170 years; and that a family defcended from Agron, grandfon of Belus, who was fprung from Hercules, of whom the last was Candaules, had fwayed its fceptre 505 years after the extinction of the race of Lydus. This places that epoch of the monarchy in the year 1219 before the Christian æra; and in the ufual course of nature Belus, whom he calls a defcendant of Hercules, in about 1270, and confequently about the time or fooner than the Grecian Hercules is faid even by the Grecian chronology to have flourished. We have already proved that this hero really lived about two centuries later. It was not therefore from the son of Alcæus that the Affyrian monarch was defcended, but it was from some more antient hero or god of that name from whom he claimed his origin.

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We have already seen that the fovereigns of Affyria had given a king to Lydia, though it continued to remain independent. The fame Herodotus dates their dominion over other parts of Upper Afia beyond the bounds of Affyria in 1206. According to him, Aftyages, from the time of his overthrow by Cyrus in the year 536, and his predeceffors Cyaxares, Phaortes, and Dejoces, who revolted from Affyria, had reigned in Media 150 years. He affures us that the Affyrians had held the dominion in Upper Afia 520 years before that revolt; from whence I conclude that the first great extenfion of that monarchy is to be dated in 1206.

(***) Page 89.

Priam was the fixth fucceffor of Dardanus; and as his reign was long, I

have thought proper to allow in fo fhort a fucceffion 30 years to cach roga,

one with another.

(yyy) Page 90.

I cannot think with Sir Ifaac Newton, that this Ammenemes, Amenophis, or Ammon, was the original Jupiter Ammon of Egypt; or that the gods or deified men of that country were of the fame recent date with those of Greece; or that Thebes was called Ammon-no, or part of Libya Ammonia, from the father of Sefoftris. Ham was the original Jupiter of both countries. That king's flatterers, or those of his fon, might indeed affimilate him to, or identify him with, that more antient founder and god of Egypt;. we fee it attempted much later by Alexander and his courtiers. Herodotus tells us that the Greeks, in adopting the gods of Egypt, had transferred to heroes of their own, of recent date, the titles of divinities adored from. time immemorial in Egypt; and this adoption happened in times nearly coinciding with the reign of this monarch. The name of Ammenemes or Amenophis frequently occurs in the lifts of Egyptian kings, who, like thofe of Affyria, often affumed titles compounded from thofe of their firft deities.. This is evidently compounded from Ammon or Ham and Menes or Menoph, the fame as Mizraim, in the fame manner as, amongst others, that of Affaraddon in Affyria was certainly compofed of the names of their gods Affur and Addon. He certainly did not found, but he might beautify and ftrengthen, Thebes in Upper Egypt, as fome of his fucceffors adorned Memphis or Mefr, capital of Middle Egypt, which after the fall of Thebes became that of the whole kingdom. Poffibly too this latter city might at the fame time have been removed nearer to the Delta. Though Grand Cairo has more than once changed fites, it has, wherever fituated, been called Mefr by the Cophts.

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Herodotus tells us that in the reign of Atys, fon of Manes one of the

monarchs

monarchs of Lydia of the race of Argon, the Lydians, in confequence of a long continued famine, agreed to send out confiderable colonies in order to exonerate the country. Tyrrhenus was the chief of one of these. He fays they first sought settlements in feveral of the Grecian islands, but that Tyrrhenus and his followers finally fixed in Umbria. To this tranfaction he affigns no date; but I think it very probable that at this time the fon of Alcæus, affuming the name of Hercules, firft came into Crete, and thence paffed into Greece. I have therefore affixed to it the date of his appearance in these countries, as deduced from other events in which that hero was an actor.

(aaaa) Page 91.

To corroborate the opinion of Sir Ifaac Newton, that Sefoftris is no other than the Sefac of fcripture, we will obferve that the lift of kings given by Herodotus, from Sefoftris to Sethon, in the beginning of whofe reign he fixes the flight of Sennacherib the Affyrian king, which happened anno 714, will in the course of nature fix the reign of Sefoftris about the time of Sefac. His fucceffion runs thus: Sefoftris was fucceeded by his fon Pheron, after whom an elected king, called by the Greeks Proteus, to whom fucceed Rhampfinitus, Cheops, Chephrenes, Mycerinus Afychis, Sabacon and Anyfis, living at the fame time, after whom Sethon was chofen king. Sefoftris reigned 46 years, after whom reign eight kings to Sethon. As Sabacon and Anyfis together reign above 50 years, and as Cheops and Cephrenes, brothers, are also said to have ruled Egypt during a very long time, though the duration given to them by the Egyptians, if brothers, exceeds all poffibility, we may fafely give to these eight reigns 30 years each, which will bring the commencement of that of Sefoftris to the year before Chrift 1000, nearly the date of Sefac as deduced from holy writ. To coincide with his date of the Argonautic expedition, Sir Ifaac Newton fuppofes Danaus to have fled into Greece towards the end of that monarch's reign. But I think it full as likely that, Sefoftris being abfent in Libya at the time of the death of Amenophis, that prince might have then taken occafion to ufurp his brother's throne, and was on his return expelled from

Egypt.

Egypt. Accordingly, in the dynafties of Manetho, as well as in the lift of Syncellus, we find Armes or Armais, called Danaus by the Greeks, reigning before his brother Sethos Fgyptus, the fame as Sefac and Sefoftris.

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This was not peculiar to Attica; a fimilar change took place in most of the ftates of Greece, in Argolis, Lacedemonia, &c. The Phoenicians and Egyptians who fettled in Greece first taught the former wild inhabitants to build houfes; and thefe, fituated for fafety pretty near each other, became villages, and in time towns, each having its council and prytaneum, though confederated with a certain number of others, all acknowledging one chief or king. In all thefe, about the fame period, thefe feparate prytanea were united in one town, which thence became the capital and feat of government of the whole ftate. The different quarters of the metropolis, as at Sparta, generally retained the names of the smaller tribes or towns. In Arcadia and Theffaly, as well as in fome other ftates of this country, each town and diftrict continued independent as to internal government, and only at ftated times fent deputies to a general confederation whofe meetings were held at one of them. Lefs adapted to ambition, thefe ftates acquired lefs renown in ftory, but were longer exempt from the viciffitudes of fortune. On the death of Codrus monarchy was abolished at Athens; and about the fame time, excepting at Sparta, where the title, with very limited authority, was conferred on two families, the very name of king was condemned in all Greece. Macedonia alone retained its monarchy, which feems to have been abfolute. To it all these long flourishing, but ever jarring, republics were finally forced to fubmit. In order to undermine that empire, the policy of Rome for a time revived the fpirit of liberty; but, that effected, Greece only changed its yoke, and funk into Roman provinces. The rapacity of proconfuls ftripped it of its most precious ornaments of art, and its philofophers became the fubfervient tutors, and often flaves, of Roman citi.. zens. Their fophiftry foon corrupted the principles and morals of antient. Rome, and an ineffectual law attempted, when too late, to banish them,

from

n

from the republic. Such will ever be the effects of that pernicious mode of reasoning into fyftematical doubt.

(cccc) Page 91.

I need not here repeat what I have already faid on the most probable date of these two famous eras of Greece, the Argonautic expedition and the fiege of Troy, by which all the former events of that country and the correfponding ones of Egypt must be fixed. I think I have shewn the strongest grounds for dating them as above, within a few years more or lefs.

(dddd) Page 92.

Egyptian vanity and Manetho's dynasties, were they really fucceffive, remove the building of these famous monuments to much higher antiquity, and to at least 1000 years earlier; but Herodotus fixes the foundation of the firft great pyramid to nearly this date. They certainly did not exist when Homer travelled into Egypt, but might have been begun foon after.

(eeee) Page 92.

It is clear, both from the hiftorical and prophetical parts of fcripture, that Syria and Babylonia were independent of Affyria to the time of Pul. Its monarchy began with Affur the founder of Nineveh. Herodotus has pointed out the æra of its firft extenfion, but it is from Pul only we can date its growth into a great and mighty empire.

(ffff) Page 93.

Sir Ifaac Newton in his chronology places Semiramis in 760, making her cotemporary with Pul. But that proud conqueror does not seem to me likely to have fhared with her his empire and his glory. She was more probably the widow of his youngest fon Nabonaffar, who fucceeded him at Babylon; and in this opinion Sir Ifaac himself feems to coincide in his hiftorical account. During the minority of her fon fhe may have affumed the reins of government; as Nitocris, a queen no less famous for the execu