of the charge exhibited against him, but that on the night of the 20th of September he did every thing that could be expected from an active, brave, and vigilant officer, under the orders that he then had, and do therefore acquit him with the highest honor."

The British established themselves at Germantown, and Washington conceived the bold project of routing their camp by a surprise movement. For this purpose, the American army marched from Skippack Creek in two columns (3d of October); that of the right composed of the divisions of Sullivan and Wayne, with Conway's brigade; the column of the left composed of the divisions. of Greene and Stephens, with M'Dougall's brigade, and fourteen hundred Maryland and Jersey militia. On reaching the summit of Chestnut Hill a brisk engagement took place. The enemy sought refuge in a large stone house, and established a galling fire on the advancing columns, but without impeding the progress of Sullivan and Wayne, who pressed forward and met the enemy at every point with prowess and success. The columns under the command of Greene were equally successful, and for a time every thing seemed to promise favorable to the American arms. On the following day, however, a serious reverse was experienced. We give the account of it in the words of Sullivan: "My division, with the North Carolina regiment, commanded by Colonel Armstrong, and a part of Conway's brigade, having driven the enemy a mile and a half below Chew's house, and finding themselves unsupported by any other troops, their cartridges all expended, the force of the enemy on the right collecting on the left to oppose them, being alarmed by the firing at Chew's house, so far in their rear, and by the cry of a light horseman on the right that the enemy had got round us, and at the same time discovering some troops flying on the right, retired with as much precipitation as they had before advanced, against every effort of their officers to rally them. When the retreat took place, we had been engaged near three hours, which, with the march of the preceding night, rendered them almost unfit for fighting or retreating. We, however, made a safe retreat, though not a regular one. We brought off all our cannon and wounded." Washington, writing on the same subject, says: "In justice to the right wing of the army (composed of the divisions of Sullivan and Wayne), whose conduct I had an opportunity of observing, as they acted immediately under my eye, I have the greatest pleasure to inform you that both the officers

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and men behaved with a degree of gallantry which did them the highest honor."

After this lamentable defeat, Wayne was detached on a foraging expedition, and by coolness and determination succeeded in making valuable contributions to the scanty commissariat of the American army. We hasten now to that celebrated event in American history which owes all its lustre to the bravery of Wayne-we refer to the capture of Stony Point. This was one of the strongest positions of the enemy, and, fully aware of the fact, no precautions had been spared to make it impregnable. On two sides it was protected by the Hudson; on the third by a marsh; the remaining approach was strongly fortified, and garrisoned with six hundred soldiers. Wayne surveyed the place with a determination to find an opening, and soon took up his position within a mile and a half of his object. We quote the following account of the attack from Mr. Armstrong's sketch of the hero: "By the organization given to the attack, the regiments of Ferbiger and Meigs, with Hull's detachment, formed the column of the right, and the regiment of Butler and Murfey's detachment that of the left. A party of twenty men, furnished with axes for pioneer duty, and followed by a sustaining corps of one hundred and fifty men with unloaded arms, preceded each column, while a small detachment was assigned to purposes merely of demonstration. At half past eleven o'clock, the hour fixed on for the assault, the columns were in motion; but, from delays made inevitable by the nature of the ground, it was twenty minutes after twelve before this commenced; when neither the morass, now overflowed by the tide, nor the formidable and double row of abatis, nor the high and strong works on the summit of the hill, could for a moment damp the ardor or stop the career of the assailants, who, in the face of an incessant fire of musketry, and a shower of shells and grape-shot, forced their way through every obstacle, and with so much concert of movement that both columns entered the fort and reached its centre nearly at the same moment. Nor was the conduct of the victors less conspicuous for humanity than for valor. Not a man of the garrison was injured after the surrender, and during the conflict of battle all were spared who ceased to make resistance.

"The entire American loss in this enterprise, so formidable in prospect, did not exceed one hundred men. The pioneer parties,

necessarily the most exposed, suffered most. Of the twenty men led by Lieutenant Gibbons, of the sixth Pennsylvania regiment, seventeen were killed or wounded. Wayne's own escape on this occasion was of the hair-breadth kind. Struck on the head by a musket ball, he fell; but, immediately rising on one knee, he exclaimed, 'March on! carry me into the fort; for, should the Wound be mortal, I will die at the head of the column.' ”

In commemoration of this brilliant exploit, regarded by military writers as the most gallant and remarkable of the campaign, Congress directed a gold medal to be struck emblematical of the action. From the commander-in-chief, and from all quarters, Wayne received the most flattering testimonials of esteem and admiration. He was the most renowned chieftain of the day.

In 1781, Wayne accompanied La Fayette to the South, in order to put an end to the ravages of the British in that section of the country. They followed closely on the tracks of Cornwallis, and at length heard that the main body of the British army had succeeded in crossing Jamestown Ferry, but that a rear guard of ordinary force remained behind. La Fayette determined that this should be cut off, if possible, and directed Wayne to advance with seven hundred men to effect the object. Wayne did so with his usual coolness and dispatch, and succeeded in driving in the enemy's pickets, but, very unexpectedly, he found that he had fallen into a trap, and, instead of being in the neighborhood of the rear guard of the army, was within fifty yards of the main body. At this critical moment Wayne's daring came to his rescue. Instead of retreating in confusion, he made a bold charge, and so perplexed the enemy with the manœuvre that he succeeded in escaping with a much smaller loss than would otherwise have been the case. Subsequently Wayne was employed in Georgia, where he succeeded in bringing the enemy into a state of comparative harmlessness in spite of very insufficient means. The treaty of peace which followed the evacuation of Charleston enabled Wayne to return to his own fireside in Pennsylvania, after an absence of seven years. Soon after he was elected a member of the Council of Censors, and subsequently to a seat in the Convention to revise and amend the Constitution of the State. He was not, however, destined to a long civil career. Although the war with England was at an end, the Indians still continued their depredations and hostilities. Two unsuccessful attempts had been made

to subdue them. It was now determined to organize an army sufficiently powerful to act with vigor, and leave the rest with General Wayne, to whom the command was intrusted.

Wayne began his march from a camp near the site of the present town of Cincinnati, and on the 8th of August, 1794, reached the Indian settlements, the destruction of which formed the first object of the enterprise. On the 19th, after repeated attempts to bring the savages peaceably to terms, the army marched on to the position taken by the Indians, a strong one naturally and artificially, and protected with two thousand of their best fighting men. Wayne's advanced guard was briskly attacked from a thicket, made up of tall grass and underwood, and in a few minutes the action commenced. The Indians and Canadians were routed with great loss. "We remained," says General Wayne, in his dispatch, "three days and nights on the banks of the Miami, in front of the field of battle, during which time all the houses and corn were consumed, or otherwise destroyed for a considerable distance both above and below Fort Miami; and we were within pistol-shot of the garrison of that place, who were compelled to remain quiet spectators of this general devastation and conflagration." This severe but necessary treatment was pursued until the enemy sued for peace. A treaty was at once drawn up, and the war brought to a satisfactory termination. Complimentary resolutions were unanimously passed by the Congress then in session, and President and people alike vied in the cordial expression of their gratitude to a noble old warrior newly returned from the wars.

The last mark of confidence which General Wayne received from the government was his appointment as commissioner for treating with the Northwestern Indians, and as receiver of the military posts given up by the British government. The duties attached to these offices he discharged in his usual punctual manner, and proceeded from the West on his way homeward. While descending Lake Erie from Detroit, he was attacked by the gout with such severity that in a few days his life and his labors were brought to a sudden termination. His remains were temporarily buried on the shore of the lake, but in 1809 they were removed to the cemetery of St. David's Church, in Chester County, Pennsylvania. A monument recalling the patriotic achievements of his life was placed over the grave, and still marks the spot where lie the remains of a true warrior patriot.

EMMANUEL KANT.

EMMANUEL KANT, the illustrious founder of the philosophical school which succeeded that of Liebnitz, was a native of Königsberg, in Prussia, where he was born on the 22d of April, 1724. His father was a saddler, and of Scotch descent. The elder Kant is described as a man of superior intelligence and inflexible moral character. His wife was an estimable woman, pious and devoted in her ministrations. "I never," said Emmanuel Kant, " saw or heard in my father's family any thing inconsistent with honor, propriety, or truth." From his earliest days he was thus placed on the right path. Bred in the love of truth, and with such examples of moral worth before him, it is not remarkable that he became eminent for his good life as for his great mind.

At the proper age he received the usual instruction of the common schools, and as he displayed diligence and capacity, it was determined that his studies should be continued in the higher seminaries. Here he pursued a peaceful course of severe, systematic, and persevering study. He learned all that could be learned in the circle of language, history, and science. He carried into each department of this extensive field that scrutinizing spirit and that avidity for knowledge which afford no rest to the mind until it has explored the whole surface of the ground and examined its nature, sounded its depth, ascertained the limits of the portion already cultivated, and determined what yet remains to be accomplished.

Kant's life was purely scholastic. His intellectual career began and ended at the University. For his offices and his fortune he was indebted solely to the usual course of academic advancement. He supported himself first as a teacher in private families; in 1755 he became doctor of philosophy, and for fifteen years was only one of the privatim docentes without salary, although his lectures were much frequented; in 1766 he was made under-librarian, with a miserable support, and obtained at last, in 1770, the chair of professor of logic and metaphysics. In 1786-88 he was rector of the University; in 1787 inscribed among the members