Illustrated List, giving full particulars of these and others, will be sent on application All prices, from 2 shillings to 12 guineas PHILIPS' HISTORICAL ATLAS FOR STUDENTS By RAMSAY MUIR, M.A. New and Enlarged Edition, including Maps of Europe and the World before and after the Great War. 69 Plates, containing 164 Coloured Maps and Diagrams, with an illustrated Introduction. Size 5×9 in. Cloth, 10s. 6d. Quarter Leather, 13s. STORIES FROM For Children of 7 FROM GREEK, ROMAN, AND EARLY ENGLISH HISTORY For Children of 8 or 9 years. Large 8vo, Is. 9d. STORIES FROM For Children of Three volumes of fascinating reading for Children. Attractively written and illustrated in black and white and colours. Strongly and artistically bound in cloth boards. GEORGE PHILIP & SON, LTD., 32 FLEET STREET, LONDON, E.C. 4 ment. He is superior in English, average in French, excellent in history, and superior in geography. He is poor in algebra, and inferior in geometry. Perhaps his taste does not lend itself to mathematics, perhaps his mind is not mature enough for abstract thought as is required in algebra and geometry. Or perhaps his mathematics teacher is to blame. It may be that the actual teaching was poor, or it may be that personally teacher and pupil were not congenial one to the other. The second statement, on the face of it, looks satisfactory. In no subject is the candidate poor. But the key tells us the type of candidate. He is fairly old, seventeen years one month. His intelligence measures at fifteen years. His mental ability is inferior. Undoubtedly this candidate has required much of the teacher's time and energy. By repetition of work and by length of time this person has managed to attain a fair examination record. This is the type of pupil who is somewhat common. It is the type which escapes our notice, and on the surface appears to be satisfactory, perhaps even superior, when in reality he is inferior. He has misled us, because he has been grouped with pupils much younger than himself. FOREIGN AND DOMINION NOTES. Crowded Classes. FRANCE. A summer meeting of parents and teachers at Bordeaux declared that nothing is more urgent in education at the present moment than to fix the maximum number of pupils in a class. It seems that in France even the natural capacity of the classroom imposes no limit; for desks and benches may be multiplied and the room packed to the prejudice of health and discipline. The Bordeaux meeting pronounced thirty to be the greatest number legitimate for the class of a secondary school. We have already said that of all economies in education the most to be deprecated is the overcrowding of classes. GERMANY. There are still some in England who think that a remedy for A Glance round. unemployment can be provided by Finanzpolitik (we call it Inflation) as having a mysterious power to fill vacant places: the unemployment that it can relieve is among undertakers and the vacancies are in tombs. The German experience of Inflation is that it can no more compete with rising prices than could Achilles catch the tortoise, and that the time comes when it is impossible to stop the process. As a consequence of Finanzpolitik there is terrible distress throughout Germany-daily come tidings of children suffering from ill-nourishment, crèches closed, teachers wringing their pinched hands, students walking to brotlose Künste (breadless arts) on breadless ways. From the schools there are stories of exercises devised to enable the child to realize the billions and trillions of modern finance; thus a billion, he is told, is a million millions, and he learns that if he had to pay a million marks at the rate of one a second it would take him eleven and a half days. Again, it is to Finanzpolitik that the new Separatism, or conflict between the States and the Empire (Reich), is to be referred-a thing puzzling to children who used to sing "Du herrlich Hermannsland." the intellectual world men are looking for a spiritual resurrection-a return to self-discipline, truth, and reverence-as the basis of new hope and a compensation for present disasters. We of this journal have always upheld the cause of women, and many of us are thinking now of the poor German women, guiltless they of their country's crimes. It is a curious fact that, in spite of the economic distress and of the unfavourable prospects in learned professions, the number of German women studying in Hochschulen has risen extraordinarily from 2,000 in the year 1922 to 8,179 in 1923. Political economy, law, natural science, and pharmacy are the more favoured studies; Berlin is the university most frequented, then follow Munich, Freiburg, Cologne, Frankfurt, and Heidelberg. The phenomenon is to be put beside the new movement for Adult Education as showing that despair is not tyrannously dominant in the German mind. In The training of teachers is a continual theme and concern in Modern LanguagesWhen may they be begun? " UNITED STATES. Whereas in England and France primary and secondary schools overlap, in the United States secondary education begins just where elementary education leaves off-at the end of eight grades," or years of work. The content of the elementary course is various in different parts of the country. The Supreme Court of the United States delivered an interesting decision in June, when it laid down that the laws of twenty-one States prohibiting the teaching of a foreign language to pupils below the Eighth Grade were unconstitutional The Court held that, while such legislation had been enacted with a desire to make better Americans of all school children, a State had no power to interfere with the right of teachers to give instruction in modern languages, with the chances of pupils to acquire an education, and with the power of parents to control their children's studies. The decision further declared that mere knowledge of a foreign language cannot be regarded as harmful; and with this declaration there will be general agreement. Yet perhaps some of that incapacity to speak and to write good English which was deplored in our children at the meeting of the British Association may come from a too early introduction of them, for gentility sake, to modern languages. It was for gentility sake that Mrs. Kenwigs had her children taught French; it was in the interest of English that the twenty-one American States excluded from the elementary school alike French and every other alien tongue. We formulate no rule; we do but hint that "Le petit précepteur" should be kept out of the house if he is needed only to impress the neighbours. As to language study in the United States, according to reports received by the Bureau of Education Latin has not yet been surpassed in popularity among high-school pupils by any modern language. In high schools in cities with a population of 100,000 or more which report the enrolment of pupils by subjects of study, 233 per cent of the pupils enrolled were studying Latin. The languages next in popularity were French and Spanish, with percentages of 212 and 211 respectively. German was taken by only 15 per cent of the total enrolment. Yet once not only was German popular as a subject of study, but in certain public schools of Maryland it was permissible to use German as the sole medium of instruction. Latin in High Schools. (i) The University of Delaware has sent eight undergraduates to study for a year at French universities, University and their work will be credited as a year's Intelligence. work for a degree.-(ii) Harvard will introduce a uniform stroke in rowing.-(iii) Students working their way through Yale earned 201,011 dollars last year.-(iv) Pi Lambda Theta, a fraternity of women, has given a scholarship of 1,000 dollars for graduate research in education to be done by a woman.-(v) Boston University has received 100,000 dollars for a law professorship and for loans to worthy students.-(vi) The University of Chicago, having many foreign students, has appointed a special advisor for them.-(vii) For the new Abraham Lincoln University, Illinois, with democratic ideals, 500,000 dollars is to be raised at once and later a permanent endowment of 5,000,000 dollars. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. The Empire discharges its duties through its constituent States, and South Africa in educating the Native natives performs an Imperial duty. The Education. Education Gazette of the Cape of Good Hope exhibits what of this sort is being done in that Province. Beginning in September, 1922, the Gazette has been publishing a series of articles for the guidance of primary teachers in Native schools, in which series such subjects as Health and Hygiene," "The Teaching of English," and "The Teaching of Woodwork" have been suggestively treated. From the same source we learn that during the recent winter vacation two winter schools were (Continued on page 784.) " MODERN ENGLISH SERIES 1s. 9d. EDITED BY R. B. LATTIMER, M.A., and R. B. MORGAN, M.A., M.Litt. EACH VOLUME. A new series of books consisting of abridged editions of well-known copyright works. The stories are told in the author's own words. By judicious selection the editors have endeavoured to present in a coherent and concise form the essential features and individuality of each book. From the point of view of the production of the volumes, Mr. Murray believes that he is offering the very best workmanship which is consistent with their cheapness. Each volume consists of 192 pages, printed on good paper, and strongly bound in cloth. Many illustrations are included, and each book contains a suitable introduction and glossary as well as a number of questions on the text. FIRST THREE VOLUMES. SCOTT'S LAST EXPEDITION. This book has been justly acclaimed as one of the most inspiring human documents ever penned. The graphic account of the voyage in which Scott overcame difficulty after difficulty, culminating in the poignant description of the "last days," when he and his companions faced death with the courage of English gentlemen, will be read by every boy and girl with pride and gratitude for the legacy of heroism handed down to them. THE ADVENTURES OF SHERLOCK HOLMES By A. CONAN DOYLE. The name of Sherlock Holmes has passed into the language as that of the ideal "sleuth-hound" and tracker down of crime. In addition to the delight of reading these stirring and exciting stories, there is an added value that at the same time the reader's powers of reasoning and observation are being (insensibly, as it were) tested and developed. THE CRUISE OF THE CACHALOT. By F. T. BULLEN. Mr. Rudyard Kipling, in a letter to the author, says: "It is immense-there is no other word. I've never read anything that equals it in its deep-sea wonder and mystery." These volumes are also available in special binding, with full gilt front and spine, for Prizes. Each 2s. 6d. net. WRITE FOR FULLY DESCRIPTIVE LEAFLET OF THE ABOVE SERIES. RECENT ADDITIONS TO MR. MURRAY'S LIST. AN INTRODUCTORY HISTORY OF ENGLAND. Vol. V. By C. R. L. Fletcher. THE GREATEST STORY IN THE WORLD. By Horace G. Hutchinson. 9s. each. 3s. 6d. 3s. 6d. PART I, 1s. 6d. Complete, 3s. 6d. A SENIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR. By R. B. Morgan and H. A. Treble. PHYSICS. "SCIENCE FOR ALL" SERIES. By W. J. R. CALVERT, M.A., Assistant Master at Harrow GENERAL SCIENCE, A TEXT-BOOK OF. CHEMISTRY. 3s. 6d. JOHN MURRAY, 50a Albemarle Street, LONDON, W. 1. arranged for the benefit of native teachers-one under the auspices of the Fort Hare Native College and the Lovedale institution, at Lovedale, and the other at the Tiger Kloof institution of the London Missionary Society; and that the lectures covered a variety of themes, from Nature Study to Road-making, from English Literature to Grass Work, from First Aid to Native Law. It is pleasant to find that in the education of natives much stress is laid on manual and industrial training; whilst for the new life that civilization brings a new hygiene is unfolded, and a book on the preservation of health is being written especially for South African schools. Still more pleasant it is to read of the Native School Singing Competitions thus at Umtata on October 19 and 20 there was a Final Circuit Competition with test songs "The Bells of St. Michael's Tower" and See the Chariot at hand"; moreover, prizes were offered for the best solo. To set native tenors emulously at work on "I'll sing thee songs of Araby "-that is one of the things the British Empire does. " ORANGE FREE STATE. The Director of Education's Report for the year to December 31, 1922, states that the number (46,863) of From the Report. pupils in public and aided private schools showed an increase of 1,817 on the number in the previous year. South Africa has difficulty in finding well qualified teachers; but in the Province 87'7 per cent (as against 80 per cent in 1921) of all teachers held Matriculation or higher certificates. The inspectors' reports indicate that some improvement in the teaching of English took place. The Director makes objection to the Matriculation Examination in so far as preparation for it is deemed to be a preparation for life. PERSONAL PARAGRAPHS. PRINCIPAL JOHN WILLIAM GRAHAM, who has for over a quarter of a century been at the head of Dalton Hall, Manchester University, announces his retirement from this position as from next September. Family health reasons are the cause for this step which so many will regret, for at this hall of residence, the first to be licensed by the University when it came into existence in 1878, there has under Principal Graham's charge, been a steady reputation of good work. Among the Quaker students (membership is not confined to members of the Society of Friends) have been Mr. Seebohm Rowntree, the sociologist, and Prof. A. Stanley Eddington, of the Observatory, Cambridge, our leading authority on Relativity. Principal Graham has a wide range of interests, including general as well as Quaker theology. He has besides much work in the reviews, several important books to his credit, including The Faith of a Quaker,' Evolution and Empire,' new "Life of William Penn," and "Conscription and Conscience," a history of the pacifist movement in England during the war. An ardent admirer of Ruskin, he recently issued "The Harvest of Ruskin," and in connexion with his interest in smoke abatement, has spoken and written widely. " " a By the death of Philippe Millet the Franco-British Entente loses a powerful supporter in journalistic spheres. The son of an eminent French diplomatist, he obtained during his brief but brilliant career a degree of understanding of English ideas and English people possessed by few other Frenchmen. This understanding, combined with his great journalistic gifts, gave him a remarkable power of influencing French feeling towards peace and reconciliation as indicated in his articles in the Petit Parisien and L'Europe appealing for reflection on the part of the French Government. During the war he acted as liaison officer between the French and British forces. Harrow will remember him as a French master, and in that capacity and as London correspondent of the Temps, he made many personal friends in England. * THE executive committee of the Association of Head Mistresses has passed a resolution recording its deep sense of the loss which the association has sustained in the death of Miss Amy Steele, late headmistress of the Grey Coat Hospital. The resolution states that ever since Miss Steele joined the association in 1906 her ungrudging and unselfish labours as a member of the executive committee, as chairman of the London branch and as secretary of the selection committee during the war and the employment committee, earned the lasting gratitude of the association, and that, apart from her public work, her practical wisdom, her sincerity and her tranquil strength, which had its source in her spiritual ideals, gained for her in no common degree the respect and affection of her colleagues. Miss Steele, who was an M.A. of the University of London, succeeded Miss Day as headmistress of the Grey Coat Hospital in 1910. She had previously had experience as an assistant at Rochester, Lewisham, and George Watson School, and as headmistress at Portsmouth and Notting Hill High Schools. THE death is announced of Dr. Michael Thomas Sadler, father of Sir Michael Sadler, late Vice-Chancellor of the University of Leeds, and now Master of University College, Oxford. Dr. Sadler, who was fo many years medical officer of health for Barnsley, was a student of French and Italian literature. ONLOOKER CORRESPONDENCE. THE TEACHING OF ELEMENTARY BOTANY. In reference to the note in your October issue on the remarks in my presidential address to the Botanical Section of the British Association concerning the evils of separating the study of structure from the study of process, it should be made clear that, in what I had to say about teaching, I was primarily thinking of universities, not of schools. This, I believe, was clear to my audience, though perhaps it should have been stated explicitly. The problem of botanical teaching in schools is, as I see it, quite distinct from that of university teaching. If I had been speaking of schools, my remarks would have taken a different line, though I should still have insisted on the importance of the study of process. But the ideas which I suggested as essential to the unification of academic botany are too difficult for explicit use in schools-they belong to the university phase of education. " The thing which is of primary importance in the school teaching of botany is to get the pupils really interested in plants and their ways; and this I believe can be done, ever in the limited periods" which the school time-table allows But I am by no means blind to the advantages of the study of plant structure in schools at which your commentator hints, and which I take to be mainly the training in accurate observation and accurate record. In regard to the study of process, there is no need-in fact it is definitely undesirable-to go beyond the simplest, or rather to attempt to treat plant processes in any but the simplest ways. But what is important is that the treatment, as far as it goes, should be interesting. sound, and thorough. I may refer any of your readers who may be interested in my views on the school teaching of botany to the last two chapters of my little book on "Practical Plant Ecology." There I am dealing with but one line on which the school teaching of botany may be developed, and that a line which is only open to some schools. But some indication is given of what should, I believe, be the outlook on plants of the school teacher, and this may conceivably be helpful to some masters and mistresses. I am, dear sir, yours faithfully, Vienna, November 12, 1923. A. G. TANSLEY. We are grateful to Mr. Tansley for the letter which our Note has elicited, and beg to assure him that we fully appreciated (Continued on page 786.) MCDOUGALL'S present a striking new Anthology GATEWAYS TO POETRY Selected by GEORGE OGILVIE, M.A., Senior English Master, Broughton Secondary School, Edinburgh. This selection of surpassing excellence is suitable for pupils of 12 to 18 years. The poems are arranged chronologically so that pupils may be enabled to compare the poetry of one age with that of another. As evoking interest, and consequent understanding, narrative poetry is particularly well represented, but lyrical poetry has been largely drawn upon, and care taken to keep its appeal well within the range of the pupil's comprehension. Passages are also included to illustrate "the rhythm of fine prose." The appendix will be found of great value. In this Series full weight has been given to the recommendations in the Memorandum on the Teaching of English of the A.M.A.and of the recent Departmental Report of the Board of Education. The recommendations of the British Association regarding type have been followed. Modern Poetry is represented by such names 256 Pages. Cloth Boards. 2s. 6d. ALSO ISSUED IN PARTS: Part I. Limp Cloth. 114 Pages. 1s. 2d. Part 2. Limp Cloth. 144 Pages. 1s. 4d. 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