PARTS OF SPEECH. DERIVATION. 205 'In:' preposition, place, rest in; governs the noun 'sea.' "The demonstrative adjective (usually called the definite article); qualifies sea.' [Give the meanings of the.' What classes of nouns can take the article?' &c.] Sea:' a noun, general and significant (or simply general, or common),* governed by 'in.' That' pronoun, relative, restrictive; antecedent' sea;' subject (or nominative) to the verb parts.' 'Parts:' transitive verb; active voice, indicative mood, present indefinite tense, singular number, third person. Calabria :' noun, proper and singular (or simply proper) ;* governed by the verb 'parts.' From: preposition (one of the case prepositions), place, motion with direction; governs shore.' 6 Hoarse' adjective of quality; qualifies' shore.' Trinacrian adjective, derived from a proper name; qualifies 'shore.' Shore' noun, general (or common);* governed by the preposition 'from.' (The combination Trinacrian shore' constitutes a singular name, partly significant and partly proper.) II. Parsing for Derivation. This consists of two parts; first, assigning the source of each word; as 'Saxon,' 'French,' &c.; and secondly, giving account of its composition when it is a compound word. The rules and lists given under DERIVATION,-Sources of Words, together with the lists given in the Appendix, are intended to afford the means of determining the etymological origin of all our words. The rules to be absolutely relied on are those in sections 28, 29, 32, 33. It is to be seen first whether a word belongs to the parts of speech, &c., that are of Saxon origin (28, 29). If this is not decisive, the rules relating to the number of syllables (32, 33) are to be referred to, together with the lists of exceptions. The pupil should gradually master all the smaller lists of the languages given in the text,-Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Arabic, &c. He should also master the Saxon words of more than one syllable, of which a tolerably complete enumeration is given in the account of the things named from the Saxon; in which account the examples are purposely drawn from dissyllabic words. When a word of more than one syllable occurs, it should be stripped of any known I consider that instead of the two commonly recognized classes of nouns-proper and common-there ought to be four classes (NOUN, 4-7); but it would be too much trouble to keep up these distinctions on all occasions, and I should therefore propose that when a noun is a proper (or meaningless) name, and also the name of one object, it should simply be called 'proper;' as the names that are proper and not singular are the exception, and may be noted when they occur. The significant nouns are nearly all general,' and might be parsed as 'general' (or if preferred 'common'), and therefore 'general' or 'common' might be held to mean general and significant,' unless the contrary be stated. The parsing of nouns would thus continue as at present, except that when such a word as the Browns' or the 'Jameses' occurred, it would be stated as 'proper and common;' and when' Provi dence' or the ' emperor' occurred it would be stated as singular and significant.' prefix or ending, and reduced to its simplest form; as foot-step,' 'mis-behave,' 'under-go,' 'out-strip,' 'with-draw,' 'faith-ful.' It is the uncompounded form that we are to deal with according to the rules (32, 33). The question will then be decided by a reference to the lists in the Appendix. The first of these lists-the Celtic, might be readily mastered; the Scandinavian list is somewhat longer, but if the pupil were familiar with it likewise, the actual reference would be confined to two lists-the Gothic and the list of classical monosyllables. A key is thereby furnished to the sources of the language, upon a plan preferable to the use of the dictionary, as it deals with classes and not with individuals, and renders it possible ultimately to master the entire language. The rules drawn from the endings and prefixes (30, 31) are very useful for giving the probable origin of words at the first glance; but in consequence of the great number of hybrids, of which no complete list has been made, they are not the rules that are depended on. In distinguishing between a Latinized and a Saxon style generally, they are a tolerably safe guide, If pupils have been disciplined in Latin, Greek, and Saxon roots, or if they have made some progress in Latin and Greek, or in French, they will have an additional means of discriminating the sources of our vocabulary; and the teacher will then appeal to this part of their knowledge in parsing for derivation. To take a few examples: abide,' Saxon (old verb); 'never,' Saxon (simple adverb of time); gather,' Saxon (examples, sec. 37); 'aunt,' classical, Latin (Appendix IV.); cipher,' Arabic; ‘azure,' Italian; 'belt,' Saxon (not in the list of classical monosyllables, nor in any other list); button,' classical (not among Saxon dissyllables, nor in any other list; (which of the three classical sources is not determined); 'clumsy,' Icelandic (Scandinavian list); 'bachelor,' Welsh (Celtic list). 6 The other exercise under Derivation consists in reducing words that are not simple to their simple elements. Thus greatness' is made up of the adjective 'great' and the suffix 'ness;' embitter' is the adjective bitter' combined with the prefix 'em,' which is employed to convert adjectives into verbs, with the meaning of 'to make;' powder-horn' is a compound word made up of two nouns. III. Parsing for Syntax. The analysis of sentences has been sufficiently exemplified. There remains only the illustration of the rules of concord, government, and order, as given under those several heads. EXAMPLES OF ERRORS. (The arrangement is designedly made promiscuous.) The separation did not take place till after the language had attained the ripeness of maturity. The Church has, through its Committee on Education, in their last report, recommended a more liberal endowment, so that we have now reason to count upon their cordial co-operation. What is the reason that our language is less refined than those of Italy, Spain, or France? Prompted by the most extreme vanity, he persisted in the writing bad verses. By letters, dated the third of May, we learn that the West India fleet arrived safely. If I want skill or force to restrain the beast that I ride upon, though I bought it and call it my own; yet, in the truth of the matter, I am at that time rather his man than he my horse. This great philosopher, with whom I am always unwilling to differ, refers, &c. It is not so unwieldy as to make it necessary to have recourse to the complex mechanism of double elections. A history now by a Mr. Hume, or a poem by a Mr. Pope, would be examined with different eyes than had they borne any other name. One species of bread, of coarse quality, was only allowed to be baked. The party whom he invited was very numerous. The Duke of Manchester died at Rome on the 18th of March, 1843. His grace in 1793 married the daughter of the late Duke of Gordon, and was 71 years of age. There is not a girl in town, but let her have her will, in going to a mask, and she shall dress like a shepherdess. It is now about four hundred years since the art of multiplying books has been discovered. An officer on European and on Indian service are in very different situations. For I remember that among your ancient authors, not only all kings, but even Jupiter himself is so termed. My old friend, after having seated himself, and trimmed the boat with his coachman, who, being a very sober man, always serves for ballast on these occasions, we made the best of our way to Fox-hall. Man never is, but always to be blest. Indeed, were we to judge of German reading habits from these volumes of ours, we should draw quite a different conclusion to Paul's. I know no duty in religion more generally agreed on, nor more justly required by God. The doctor, in his lecture, said that fever always produced thirst. Alarmed by so unusual an occurrence, it was resolved to postpone their departure. The Annals of Florence are a most imposing work. Without having attended to this, we will be at a loss in understanding several passages in the classics. They have no other standard on which to form themselves, except what chances to be fashionable. The Earl of Huntly, conformable to the crafty policy which distinguishes his character, amused the leaders of the congregation. Luxuriance of ornament and the fondness for point are certain indications of the decline of good taste. Such expressions sound harshly. To engage a private tutor for a single pupil, is, perhaps of all others, the least eligible mode of giving literary instruction. In every ward one of the king's council took every man's book, and sealed them, and brought them to Guildhall to confront them with the original. This diffused a secret joy through the whole assembly, which showed itself in every look and feature. They introduced the taste of science and religion which distinguished Medina as the city of the book. What can be the cause of the parliament neglecting so important a business? Either you or I are in the wrong. You seem neither to care for yourself nor for any one else after what you have lost. On either side of the river was there the tree of life. If a stranger should hear these furious outcries of ingratitude against our general, he would be apt to inquire. I have lost the game, though I thought I should have won it. Let the elders that rule well be counted worthy of double honour, especially they who labour in the word and doctrine. He would not be persuaded but what I was greatly in fault. I do not think that leisure of life and tranquillity of mind, which fortune and your own wisdom has given you, could be better employed. It is a long time since I have been devoted to your interest. Give me it. This haughty and imperious style sounded harshly to Scottish nobles, impatient of the slightest appearance of injury. The family with whom I have long lived in intimacy is gone to the country. That is seldom or ever the case. The fact of me being a stranger to him does not justify his conduct. It is one of the most satisfactory and valuable emendations which have ever been made. Accordingly on their approaching they were refused admittance within, and were violently and unceremoniously driven from the gates. Much depends on this rule being observed. The salt-merchants, the grocers, the confectioners conspired together to adulterate the articles in which they dealt in a thousand ways. Let you and I go together. The seeming importance given to every part of female dress, each of which is committed to the care of a different sylph, &c. I am the more impatient of pain, that I have long enjoyed good health. It is more good to fall among crows than flatterers, for these only devour the dead, those the living. Let me awake the king of Morven, he that smiles in danger, he that is like the sun of Heaven rising in a storm. But I will doubtless find some English person at whom to make inquiries. The Romans had no other subsistence but the scanty pillage of a few farms. There are few words in the English language which are employed in a more loose and uncircumscribed sense than those of the fancy and the imagination. The light must not be suffered to conceal from us the real standard, by which only his greatness can be determined. We were no sooner come to the Temple stairs but we were surrounded with a crowd of watermen. The inattention to altered circumstances is a fault of most universal application in all political questions. This is a question which we ought to have expected to have found answered in the 'Seventh Report of the Commissioners of Her Majesty's Inland Revenue.' Not only England, but all Europe was in a blaze. At present the trade is thought to be in a depressed state if less than a million of tons are produced in a year. We are now poor, and wisdom bids us to conform to our humble situation. 'Tis resolved; for nature pleads that he should only rule who most resembles me, I could heartily wish there was the same application and endeavours to cultivate and improve church music, as have been lately bestowed on that of the stage. Men were no sooner settled in their rights to their possessions, but there was a third order proclaimed. If we look within the rough and awkward outside, we will be richly rewarded by its perusal. In constructing and depicting of characters, Werner indeed is little better than a mannerist. He has eaten no bread nor drunk no water these two days. Just to thy word, in every thought sincere; Who knew no wish but what the world might hear. EXAMPLES OF ERRORS. 209 They who opulence has made proud, and who luxury has corrupted, cannot relish the simple pleasures of nature. Either the young man or his guardians has acted improperly. None, I am sure, can be of more honour to God, nor of more ease to ourselves. In the Latin language, there are no two words we would more readily take to be synonymous than amare and diligere. I have frequently been assured by great ministers that politics were nothing but common sense I had several men died in my ship of yellow fever. He is an author of more credit than, or any other, that write lives so hastily. He or you are in the wrong. During the last century no prime minister, however powerful, has become rich in office. The following treatise, together with those that accompany it, were written many years ago, for my own private satisfaction. The person who immediately walked before him, was remarkable for an embroi dered garment, who not being well acquainted with the place, was conducting him to an apartment appointed for the reception of fabulous heroes. He addressed several exhortations to them suitably to their circumstances. When the Emperor Alexander elevated the standard of the cross, he invoked the only power that ever has, or ever will, arrest the march of temporal revolution. I do not question but they have done what is usually called the king's business. Can parliament be so dead to its dignity and duty as to give their support to measures thus intruded and forced upon them? The duke had not behaved with that loyalty, as he ought to have done. These are not the dreams of a few poets, here and there, but man is an analogist, and studies relations in all objects. He that can doubt whether he be anything or no, I speak not to. A talent of this kind would, perhaps, prove the likeliest of any other to succeed. The ends of a divine and human legislator are vastly different. Be not too tame neither. The ancestors of the human race knew poverty in a partial degree. He was scarce gone, when you arrived. I would feel myself blighted in the eyes of all my acquaintances, I would be overpowered by the feelings of my own disgrace. They entreated to read to me, and bade me not to cry, for 1 was now too old to weep. He need not proceed in such haste. On your conduct at this moment depends the colour and complexion of their destiny. One day, being brought before the king, and being asked whom he was, Diogenes replied, A spy on your cupidity.' I, that did never weep, now melt in woe. I must confess, after having surveyed the antiquities about Naples and Rome, I cannot but think that our admiration of them does not so much arise out of their greatness as uncommoness. Reconciliation was offered on conditions as moderate as was consistent with a permanent union. I have never seen Major Cartwright, much less enjoy the honour of his acquaint ance. Sailing up the river, the whole town may be seen. The masterly boldness and precision of his outline, which astonish those who have trodden parts of the same field, is apt to escape an uninformed reader. It makes us to walk warily. Neither the houses nor the garden were sold. I should be obliged to him, if he will gratify me in that particular. The next New Year's day, I shall be at school three years. But there is a general correctness of delineation which must strike the eye at once of any person slightly experienced in geography. Both of the scholars, or one of them at least, were present at the transaction, That is either a man or a woman's voice. Scarce had the Spirit of Laws made its appearance than it was attacked. He comes; nor want nor cold his course delay. Р |