Adverbial clauses form the greater number of subordinate clauses, and may be divided into as many classes as adverbs, and, like them, may qualify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.

(1.) Place: 'we remain where we are ;''wherever you go I will go.'

Such clauses are introduced by the relative adverbs of place: 'where,' 'whither,' 'whence,' 'wherever,' 'wheresoever,' &c. These adverbs both relate the dependent clause to the principal, and also qualify the verb of the dependent clause. Thus, in the expression it stands where it was,' where' connects it was' with 'it stands,' and also qualifies it was' by an adverb of place (there): ‘it was there, and it stands there still."

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(2.) Time: he wrote as soon as the news arrived;' 'we left while he was speaking;' you may go there as often as you please.'

Adverbial clauses of time are introduced by the relative adverbs of time, when,' 'while,' 'whenever,' and the conjunctions of time,— before,' after,' 'since,' 'ere,' 'until,' 'as soon as,' no sooner than,' 'just when,' 'the moment that,' &c.

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(3.) Degree: the sea is as deep as the mountains are high; the result was greater than I anticipated; the more you have, the more you want.'

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There is always some expression denoting comparison in clauses of degree. They are introduced by than,' as, the.' They are attached to adjectives and adverbs rather than to verbs; the reason being that degree applies more properly to qualities than to actions: 'he is stronger than I am ;' he behaves as well as was anticipated.'

These adverbial clauses of degree undergo the peculiar ellipsis seen in such examples as he is as rich as Croesus (is rich);' he works harder than ever (he worked hard).'

(4.) Certainty or Uncertainty: as sure as I speak, you will repent of this.' Here we have merely the phraseology of degree applied to assurance, doubt, or denial. (5.) Cause or Reason: the garrison surrendered, because their provisions failed."

These clauses are introduced by the conjunctions because,'' as,'

'since.'

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We may also include under this head the relation of Condition, introduced by if,' unless,' 'except,' though,' however,' &c.: we shall reap if we faint not; though he slay me, yet will I trust in him ;' however you may try, you will not gain your end.' In sentences containing a condition, the clause expressing the consequence is the principal clause, and the clause expressing the condition, supposition, or concession is the subordinate clause: I will go (principal) if it should rain Duke Georges for nine days' (subordinate).

THE COMPOUND SENTENCE.

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Consequence is expressed by so that: a storm arose, so that we could not leave the harbour.' For signifying end or purpose, that,' in order that,' are employed.

(6.) Manner in general. Among the relations not included in the foregoing heads are likeness, unlikeness, and various unclassifiable modes of action: 'he did as he was told.'

Manner' is often expressed by an adverbial adjunct containing an adjective clause; as 'train up a child in the way that it should go.' Here the clause 'that it should go' qualifies the noun way,' and is not an adverbial clause, though occurring in an adverbial adjunct. The words 'mode,' 'manner,' &c., occur in the same construction. In the sentence we should have arrived sooner, but that we met with an accident,' the subordinate clause is considered to be a noun clause, governed by 'but' as a preposition; the entire expression following 'arrived' being of the nature of an adverbial adjunct.

21. The Adverbial Clause is contracted by omitting the Verb, or by changing it into a Participle: 'while (I am) on this part of the subject, I may remark;' 'riding (as we rode) through the wood, we met an old man;' 'on reviewing the whole case, I am still of the same opinion.'

THE COMPOUND SENTENCE.

22. A Compound Sentence contains two or more Coordinate Sentences united: 'the sun rose, and the mists disappeared;' he came, but we did not see him ;' 'he was there, else I should not have seen him.'

In these examples the separate clauses are noways dependent on each other. Either assertion might have been made alone; we might have said the sun rose,' or 'the mists disappeared,' separately, without incompleteness of sense; whereas we could not break up a complex sentence into clauses with independent meaning: 'I will, if I can.' It is true, that when assertions are coupled together in the same period, there is an intention that they should be thought of together, but still they are not such that the one is dependent on the other for a complete meaning.

The co-ordinating conjunctions (PARTS OF SPEECH-Conjunction) are so called because they unite co-ordinating clauses.

Contracted Sentences.

23. When the Co-ordinate Clauses of a Compound Sentence have the same Subject, the same Predicate, or any other part in common, we may avoid repeating the cominon part and thereby shorten or contract the expression of the sentence; as 'the sun gives light and (the sun gives) heat;' ' either you (must go) or I must go.'

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One subject may have two or more Predicates, as in the first example now given. One predicate may have a plurality of Subjects; as Hannibal and Cæsar were great generals.'

There may be a plurality of Objects; as 'whosoever shall leave houses and lands for my sake.' The Adverbial adjunct of the predicate may be the common part: he advances slowly, but surely.'

Often the common part is a Subordinate Clause: the evil that men do lives after them; the good (that men do) is often interred with their bones; he died glorious, though (he died) unfortunate.'

The cumulative conjunction 'and' does not always indicate a compound sentence, as there are cases where it joins words or phrases without joining assertions (PARTS OF SPEECH-Conjunction). But the alternative conjunction 'or,' can couple only clauses. When we say he drove a carriage and pair,' carriage and pair' makes but one object; but the use of or' excludes a combination of this kind: bring either a carriage or a saddle horse' is a contracted sentence.

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In co-ordinate contracted sentences the parts joined by the conjunction must stand in the same relation to the common part. I add no more, and believe me yours truly' is an irregular construction, for the conjunction couples a verb in the indicative-add,' with another in the imperative-believe,' and the contracted subject-'I,' is not the subject of both verbs.

The following are irregular contractions:

"This dedication may serve for almost any book that has, is, or shall be published;' has been, is, or shall be, published.' There are principles in man which ever have, and ever will incline him to this offence;' ever have inclined, and ever will incline.'

When clauses are placed side by side without a conjunction expressed, or other grammatical link (as a relative pronoun, or a relative adverb), they are sometimes termed collateral as 'I came, I saw, I conquered; this is the way; that road goes nowhere;' 'I believed, therefore have I spoken.' In such constructions a certain rhetorical effect is produced by the ellipsis of the conjunctions.

EXAMPLES OF ANALYSIS.

SIMPLE SENTENCES.

24. In analyzing Simple Sentences the manner of proceeding is as follows:

I. Set down the subject of the sentence.

II. Set down the enlargement, or attributive adjuncts of the subject.

III. Give the predicate verb. If this is a verb of incomplete predication, state the complement also.

EXAMPLES OF SIMPLE SENTENCES.

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IV. When the predicate is a transitive verb, state the

object.

V.

Set down the enlargement, or attributive adjuncts of the object.

VI. Give the adverbial adjuncts of the predicate.

25. Example :

'Night, sable goddess, from her ebon throne,

In rayless majesty, now stretches forth
Her leaden sceptre, o'er a slumbering world.'

I. Subject, night.'

II. Attributive adjunct of subject, noun in apposition, 'sable goddess.' III. Predicate, stretches forth.'

IV. Object, sceptre.'

V. Attributive adjuncts ( 1. Possessive adjective, ‘her.'

of object,

VI. Adverbial adjuncts] of predicate,

2. Adjective, leaden.'

1. 'o'er a slumbering world.'

2. 'from her ebon throne.'

3. 'in rayless majesty.'

4. 'now.'

26. The neglect to lay down in distinct terms the opposition between the true and the false, has been the occasion of the generally unintelligible character of metaphysics.'

II. Attributive adjuncts) 2. to lay down in distinct terms the opposition between the true and the false.

of subject,

III. Predicate,

VI. Adverbial adjunct of complement of predicate,

'of the generally unintelligible character of metaphysics.'

The adjuncts both of the subject and of the predicate contain a succession of subordinate parts, which might be specified in detail. Thus, to lay down,' is the object of the noun 'neglect;'in distinct terms,' adverbial adjunct of the verb 'to lay down;' 'the (attribute to) opposition,' object of to lay down;' 'between the true and the false,' prepositional phrase forming an adjunct to opposition.' So in the adjunct of the noun (complement) of the predicate: of the generally unintelligible character,' prepositional phrase qualifying occasion' (capable of being itself analyzed farther); of metaphysics,' prepositional phrase qualifying character.

27. Having first procured guides, we began our ascent of the mountain.'

I. Subject, We.'
II. Attributive adjunct
of subject,

III. Predicate, 'began.'
IV. Object, ascent.'

{

(Participial phrase of co-ordination) 'having first procured guides.'

'our.'

1. Adjective,

V. Attributive adjuncts 2. Prepositional phrase, of the mounof object,

tain.'

The attributive adjunct of the subject here is a co-ordinating clause contracted into the participial apposition phrase, having first procured guides,' which might be farther analyzed into verb, object, and adverb.

28. There is a pleasure in being alone after the excitement of much society.'

I. Subject, 'pleasure.'

1. Article, 'a.'

II. Adjuncts of subject, {2. Participial phrase, ‘ in being alone.’ III. Predicate, 'is' (exists).

1. 'there.'

VI. Adverbial adjuncts 2. after the excitement of much soof predicate,

ciety.'

This example is introduced to show how we should analyze our idiomatic phrase, there is,' employed to give a more emphatic assertion of existence than the parts of the verb 'be' standing alone can give.

'He gave me a letter to read.'

I. Subject, 'he.'

III. Predicate, 'gave.'

IV. Object of verb, ‘letter.'

V. Attributive adjunct of object, ‘a.'

VI. Adverbial adjuncts 1. 'me' (i. e., 'to me').

of predicate,

{

2. to read,' (gerund).

29. It is vain to pretend ignorance of the fact.'

I. Subject, 'it.'

III. Predicate,

{

Verb of incomplete predication, 'is.'
Complement of predicate, ‘vain.'

VI. Adverbial adjunct of complement of predicate, ' to pretend ignorance of the fact.'

31. These are to be analyzed in the first instance as if each subordinate clause were a single word or phrase.