so for God's sake!"-and goes his way. Throughout all Portugal persons meeting out of the city salute each other, though perfect strangers and foreigners may be easily known by the omission of this civility. When the ladies sit at the windows of their quintas, or villas, they are continually receiving salutations from every passenger. But, if a Portuguese meets in the street any one whom he knows and has not seen for a long time, he immediately clasps him in his arms, lifts him from the ground, and cries out, in a joyful tone, how fat and heavy he is grown, even though the person addressed is as thin as a lizard. If a Portuguese speaks of his deceased father, he always adds, at the same time taking off his hat, que Deos haja-"God rest him!" În like manner, in speaking of the king, he always uncovers his head and says: A quem Deos garde"whom God preserve! " After a sea-voyage of some weeks, a new-comer scarcely feels any want more sensibly than that of a barber. If, however, habit has not rendered it absolutely necessary to have continually a smooth chin, there is no occasion to be in any hurry about the operation of shaving at Lisbon. When I went for the first time with my Lisbon friend to the shop of his barber in the Rua de Cotovia, I saw perfectly well-dressed persons with beards an inch long, and had ocular demonstration of the truth of my friend's assurance, that it is not customary to submit to the razor oftener than once a week. The group before the barber's shop is always entertaining enough. His customers attract thither a female dealer in roasted chesnuts, who commonly squats cross-legged upon a pillow placed on the ground, having before her a chaffing-dish, which she keeps continually fanning with a piece of rag. She, on her part, draws to the spot a number of gallegos, or porters, in their shirt sleeves, with red caps, red waistcoats, blue breeches, and bare legs, who like to loiter near such women, for the convenience of lighting their cigars. Against the corner of the house, beneath an image of the Blessed Virgin, leans one of the numberless beggars, all in rags, yet having the olive-colored mantle picturesquely thrown about him. A fat monk, whose brown mantle and white scapulary, upon which is sewed a red and blue cross, descend to his feet, also follows the trade of mendicant. Such are the standing concomitants of a Lisbon barber's shop. But let us approach bearer. A green curtain is hung up to the door. A barber in Lisbon shaves, cuts hair, applies leeches, draws teeth, bleeds-and the latter is the chief occupation—on which account his shop may be easily known by a projecting pole and a sign-board, on which are painted white and red spiral lines. Much has been written on the advantage of shaving one's self: it was not till I reached Lisbon that I resumed this longneglected practice, but not for the reasons common in other countries, for in this everything is uncommon. Barbers, like persons of all other professions, smoke myriads of cigars; their thumbs, are, therefore, constantly covered with tobacco: now, to swell out your cheek and to keep it smooth they thrust without ceremony their left thumb into your mouth. In other respects the barbers of Lisbon are true copies of the favorite Barber of Seville, though they do not all sing, play, and look so well, as Rossini's Figaro. Owing to the custom of going for several days unshaved, they have but few customers in the week days before Thursday. There they sit outside their shop-doors, strumming upon a wretched guitar, looking and listening to all that is going forward like lynxes; and with the news which they pick up in these leisure days they entertain their customers on those when they have business to do. Nothing is so strongly indicative of the appearance of the Portuguese in general as the title which the barber liberally bestows on any well-dressed stranger, namely, homem di gravata lavada, which is meant to denote a person of consequence, but literally signifies "a man with a clean cravat." A disposition to uncleanliness is indulged to such a degree, especially by females, that they do not wash their faces even in the morning in general they merely wet a corner of their handkerchief with their tongue and rub the forehead, eyebrows, and nose, with it. A singular contrast with this filthy habit is formed by the custom of bathing frequently in the Tagus. It is not the warmth of the climate that induces the Portuguese, and the fair sex in particular, to have recourse to this wholesale ablution, but the circumstance that the gentlemen of the faculty recommend bathing for all sorts of complaints. Blessings on the philanthropist who first broached this doctrine! But for this custom nine-tenths of the women of Lisbon would never get a washing from the day of their baptism to that of their death. In the summer months you see whole families repairing to the landing-places where the estraios, or Tagus boats, lie, with servants behind them carrying bundles containing linen and the bathing equipage. People of all classes, who can but raise the price charged for the hire of such a boat, and even persons of the highest rank, of both sexes, conform to this general practice. The usual place is the strand of Jumquiera, directly opposite to the palace of the patriarch, and here may be seen at least a hundred bathing boats at all hours of the morning, and even so late as ten or eleven o'clock. The boats, in general painted red and blue, the favorite colors of the Portuguese, have a cheerful appearance, but what gives them a very singular look is a pair of enormous black eyes, figured on the head of the boat, which is left white. The peaked head often terminates in the figure of a serpent, dolphin, or other animal; and the stern is generally decorated with a Nostra Senhora of wood or iron, always garnished with ribands of every color; and her figure is also painted on the sides and helm. The chief peculiarity of these boats consists in the curtains with which the stern is completely enclosed. Before they push off, every one on board makes the sign of the cross over the face and breast to prevent mishaps. The boats are anchored in four or five feet water, and, the curtains being drawn close all round, the female members of the family may undress as privately as in their own bed-chambers. They then put on a bathing gown of very thick woollen stuff, so that the shape is not to be distinguished. The men likewise undress and put on a woolen jacket and trowsers; they leap first into the water and swim about the boat till the ladies intimate that they are ready; when the latter are received by the gentlemen and conducted down the two or three steps attached to the side of the vessel. Then ensues a splashing and laughing and coughing and spitting, and jokes, delicate or otherwise, are sported, till the whole party gets on board again and returns home. THE JESUITS' COLLEGE AT FREIBURG, IN SWITZERLAND. It is well known to every newspa- and the tendency of that influence per reader that, for some time before the expulsion of the Bourbons from France, the journalists of that country had been denouncing the increasing influence of the Jesuits, to check the progress of liberal ideas, and to encourage arbitrary measures. These complaints were not unfounded, for, to obtain any appointment or promotion, either civil or military, it was requisite for a father to prove that his son had received a good christian education, or, in other words, that he had been brought up at a Jesuits' College. It will scarcely be believed in England, but it is not the less true, that, for the reason just mentioned, many parents in the Protestant city of Geneva sent their children for education to Freiburg, the capital of the Swiss canton of the same name, where the fathers of the Order of Jesus have one of their most celebrated academical institutions. The following description of this establishment is the result of observations made on a visit to it by the writer in the summer of the present year. Last June I went to Freiburg, with a gentleman of Geneva, whose object was to place his son with the Jusuits there, and took some pains to learn as much as I could in the course of two or three days concerning their institution. Figure to yourself a spacious edifice, forming an oblong quadrangle, four stories high, with four hundred and ninetyeight windows. Such a number must admit light enough in all conscience, you would say. This stately building is seated, like a citadel, on the most elevated paint in the town. At the entrance we were received by a porter in the black habit of the Order; with great politeness, he had a remarkably keen eye. As soon as we were inside, the double iron gate was again locked, just as it would be in a prison or a penitentiary. The porter then gave several strokes with a large brass knocker, which immediately brought forward three young Patres, whose duty it is, on the application of strangers, to show them the institution, much in the same manner as the Chinese mandarins did Lord Macartney, or as flags of truce are conducted through besieged fortresses. At a rapid pace, with which we could scarcely keep up, we were led through the spacious, cheerful, light, and clean cor ridors. We could not help admiring the order which pervaded the kitchens, refectories, and wardrobe-' rooms: the utmost cleanliness every where prevails, even in the minutest circumstances. By means of ingenious contrivances all that passes there may be observed. You are then taken into the large, airy courts, and into the gardens, where the pupils play, wrestle, run, and amuse themselves: in bad weather they assemble in the halls of recreation, where there are billiard-tables, a pretty theatre, a bazaar with all kinds of playthings; in short, nothing is wanting to the physical well-being and amusement of the students. Gentleness and kindness seem to prevail throughout, for the very language of the teachers is gentle and kind. But further attention shows their incessant observation of their pupils; not a movement, not a gesture, not the most indifferent expression, nay, not even a word escapes them all these must be noted down with the utmost minuteness in a book, and this book is referred to every evening, when each student is required to give an account of what he has done during the day. This is an invariable practice. Wo, then, to the youth, who forgets any petty fault, or out of false shame omits to mention it! Overseers, with a hundred Arguseyes, have watched and committed to writing all that has been said in the hours of instruction, of play, and even in sleep. To report is the first and most strictly enforced law of the house and the Order. Notwithstanding the mild and honeyed words of these fathers of Jesus, their punishments are tremely severe and humiliating. Some years since, young Courvoisier ran away from the Jesuits' College at Brieg, and wandered about for a whole fortnight in the mountains of the Valais, in the month of December, without proper clothing or food. All this, however, might be pass ed over, if their mode of instruction were better; in this point they are at least a couple of centuries behind-hand. Their class-books are -in history Father Loriquet; in natural philosophy the Abbé Nollet; in Greek, fragments from St. Basil and St. Gregory; and in modern French literature, only Batteux and some select Fables and extracts from Funeral Orations. The instruction in mathematics is contemptible; philosophy is wretchedly taught in dog-Latin, and so is the common law. Many a professor who here astounds by his knowledge would be refused a bachelor's degree at Geneva or Lausanne. The professor of chemistry and the natural sciences, here called the Père Physicien, is the only one who is at all equal to his situation. He is a native of Flanders, makes philosophical observations, and is in correspondence with the French and German literati. The cabinet of natural history, which the Abbé has presented to the College of Freiburg, is placed under his superintendence. We were told that, in the first months of 1828, there were upwards of three hundred students at this place, but now there are only one hundred and eighty. To these, however, must be added sixty pupils in the Jesuits' academy at Estavayer. In this institution also is shown the skill with which the Jesuits contrive to attach to the Order such students as are distinguished by the proper qualities or talents, or who are likely to be serviceable to it by their connexions or their rank in society: thus a young Count Stolberg was last year appointed a teacher at this place; and the government,__and the principal families of Freiburg, more especially attest their success in this particular. Two thirds of the students are natives of Freiburg; the other third come from France, Switzerland, Belgium, and Savoy. The French belong almost exclusively to those departments which are marked black in Dupin's celebrated map, exhibiting the state of civilization and intelligence in France. THE SPECTRAL DOG-AN ILLUSION. FROM THE DIARY OF A LATE PHYSICIAN. THE age of ghosts and hobgoblins is gone by, says worthy Dr. Hibbert; and so, after him, says almost everybody now-a-days. These mysterious visitants are henceforth to be resolved into mere optical delusion, acting on an excitable faney, and an irritable nervous temperament; and the report of a real bona fide ghost, or apparition, is utterly scouted. Possibly this may not be going too far, even though it be in the teeth of some of the most stubborn facts that are on record. One, or possibly two, of this character, I may perhaps present to the reader on a future occasion; but at present I shall content myself with relating a very curious and interesting case of acknowledged optical delusion; and I have no doubt that many of my medical readers can parallel it with similar occurrences within the sphere of their own observation. Mr. D —was a clergyman of the Church of England, educated at Oxford, a scholar, "a ripe and good one,"- a man of remarkably acute and powerful understanding; but, according to his own account, destitute of even an atom of imagination, He was also an exemplary minister; preached twice, willingly, every Sunday; and performed all the other duties of his office with zealous fidelity, and to the full satisfaction of his parishioners. If any man is less likely to be terrified with ghosts, or has less reason to be so, than another, surely it was such a character as Mr. D his attention, was relapsing into his meditative mood, when, in a few moments, the noise was repeated, apparently from his right-hand side; and he gave something like a start from the path-side into the road, on feeling the calf of his leg brushed past as he described it-by the shaggy coat of his invisible attendant. He looked suddenly down, and, to his very great alarm and astonishment, beheld the dim outline of a large Newfoundland dog-of a blue color! He moved from the spot where he was standing-the phantom followed him-he rubbed his eyes with his hands, shook his head, and again looked; but there it still was, large as a young calf, [to which he himself compared it,] and had assumed a more distinct and definite form. The color, however, continued the same-faint blue. He observed, too, its eyes He had been officiating on Sunday evening for an invalid friend, at the latter's church, a few miles' distance from London, and was walking homewards enjoying the tranquillity of the night, and enlivened by the cheerful beams of the full moon. When at about three miles distant from town, he suddenly heard, or fancied he heard, immediately behind him, the sound of gasping and panting, as of a dog following at his heels, breathless with running. He looked round, on both sides; but seeing no dog, thought he must have been deceived, and resumed his walk and meditations. The sound was presently repeated. Again he looked round, but with no better success than before. After a little pause, thinking there was something rather odd about it, it suddenly struck him, that what he had heard was nothing more than the noise of his own hard-like dim-decaying fire-coals, as it breathing, occasioned by the insensibly accelerated pace at which he was walking, intent upon some subject which then particularly occupied his thoughts. He had not walked more than ten paces further, when he again heard precisely similar sounds! but with a running accompaniment-if I may be allowed a pun-of the pit-pit-pattering of a dog's feet, following close behind his left side. "God bless me !" exclaimed Mr. D― aloud, stopping for the third time, and looking round in all directions, far and near; "why, really, that's very odd-very! Surely I could not have been mistaken again?" He continued standing still, wiped his forehead, replaced his hat on his head, and, with a little trepidation, resumed his walk, striking his stout black walking-stick on the ground with a certain energy and resoluteness, which sufficed in re-assuring his own flurried spirits. The next thirty or forty paces of his walk Mr. D– passed over" erectis auribus," and hearing nothing similar to the sounds which had thrice attracted looked up composedly in his face. He poked about his walking-stick, and moved it repeatedly through and through the form of the phantom; but there it continued-indivisible-impalpable in short as much a dog as ever, and yet the stick traversing its form in every direction from the tail to the tip of the nose! Mr. Dhurried on a few steps, and again looked ;— there was the dog! Now the reader should be informed that Mr. Dwas a remarkably temperate man, and had, that evening, contented himself with a solitary glass of port by the bed-side of his sick brother; so that there was no room for supposing his perceptions to have been disturbed with liquor. "Whan can it be?" thought he, while his heart knocked rather harder than usual against the bars of its prison-"oh, it must be an optical delusion-oh, 'tis clearly so! nothing in the word worse! that's all. How odd !"-and he smiled, he thought very unconcernedly ;— but another glimpse of the phantom standing by him in blue indistinctness instantly darkened his features |