Bodies conftantly emit hot Smoke, which warms the Water as it paffes fuch Places (d). Nevertheless in moft Baths there is a Mixture of the Particles of Alum, Iron, or Nitre, which give them an aftringent and tartish Taste. Moft Baths that we know of, flow without ceafing, except the famous Pepper-Baths not far from Coire in the Grifons Country in Germany, whose Waters contain, befide Sulphur, fome Gold, and not a little Nitre. They begin to fpring yearly about the third of May, and ceafe to flow about the fourteenth of September. The most celebrated Baths in Germany are, the leaden ones in Louvain; the Emfenbades above Conftance; thofe near Geberfweil in Alfatia ; thofe in the Marquifate of Baden; thofe in the Dukedom of Wirtemberg, called Wildbad; the Cellenfian Baths; the Blafianian Baths, near Tubingen, &c. There are many in Japan and the Indian Iflands and fome in the Azores fo hot that Eggs may be boiled hard in them.

PROPOSITION VIII.

To explain the Cause and Generatoin of oily and fat Liquids that flow out of the Earth, and to enumerate the Places in which the chief of them are found.

SOME Fountains pour out a bituminous Liquor, others a fat Water, or Water in which Drops of Oil fwim about. Two Miles from E

(d) They beft account for the Heat of these Fountains, who fuppofe, that two Streams having run thro', and imbibed certain Sorts of different Minerals, meet at laft, and mingle their Liquors; from

which Commixture arifes great Fermentation that causes Heat, as we fee in Vitriol and Tartar, which when mingled caufe an intenfe Heat and Ebullition. See the last mentioned Philof. Tranfact.

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dinburgh

SECT. IV. dinburgh in Scotland there flows a Fountain upon the Superficies of which fwim Drops of black Oil, which the Inhabitants use o foften their Skins, and to remove Scabbinefs (e). Among the Antients a River in Cilicia called Liparis was famous, in which they that washed themselves, were thereby anointed as if they had been in Oil; but I doubt whether there be any fuch River now. So likewife there was a Lake in Ethiopia which anointed those that fwam in it. In India alfo there was a Fountain which, in a clear Sky, fent out abundance of Oil. At Carthage there was a Fountain upon which floated an Oil that fmelled like the Saw-duft of a Citron-Tree: this they made ufe of to anoint their Cattle with. Vitruvius tells us, that there were Fountains in the Island of Zant, and about Dyrrhachium, now Durazzo, and Apollonia, that vomited out a great deal of Pitch with the Water. Near Babylon there was a vaftly

(e) Pliny faith, that the Salonian Fountain, and Andrian Spring flow with Oil and Wine. Polyclytus relates, that near Soli a City of Cilicia there was a Spring that fup plied the Place of Oil. Theo phrafus fays, that there was a Spring in Ethiopia which had the fame Faculty; that the Water of the Spring Lycos would burn by putting a Candle to it; and the fame is reported of Ecbatana. Clarke upon Robault's Phy Vol. 2. Pag. 201. Many fuch Fountains of Petroleum, and oily Subftances, are now to be met with up and down; as at Pitchford in Shrop fire, and in the land of Zant, very plentifully; in the Valtaline, fubject to the Grifons; at the Foot of Mount Zebia in the

Duchy of Medena; at Gabian in the Road from Montpellier to Beziers in Languedoc. The Inhabitants living near these fat oily Springs, take Care to gather and feparate the Bituminous fubftance from the Water; They gather it with Ladles, and putting it into a Barrel, separate the Water from the Oil by letting out the first at a Tap towards the Bottom of the Veffel. In the Ifland of Barbadoes there is a Rivulet, called Tugh River, which hath upon it's Surface in many Places a certain oily Subftance, which being carefully taken off, and kept a little Time, is fit to burn in Lamps like ordinary Oil. Near Cape Helene in Peru there are Fountains of Rofin (or fomething like it) which flow in Abundance.

broad

broad Lake, called Afphaltites Limne, that had a liquid Bitumen fwimming upon it, with which Semiramis cemented the large Brick-Walls which furrounded Babylon. At this Day there is a Fountain near Degemfce, a Monaftery in Bavaria, whose Surface is covered with Oil, which is daily carried away by the Natives. There are alfo great Lakes in Syria and Africa which fend forth Heaps of Bitumen. The Acidule at Schwalbach if they be kept quiet in a Veffel for fome Hours, there will be small Drops of Oil fwimming on the Top of them. A greater quantity of fuch Drops are found in a Fountain called Oelbrunn near the Village Lamperfchloch not far from Hagenaw. And in most Baths there are found bituminous Particles, after they have stood to fettle for fome Time; as in the Petrolean Baths in the Kingdom of Naples.

THERE are alfo great Numbers of Fountains which do not produce Oil on their Surfaces, but pour out a meer fat or bituminous Liquor. Near Gerbach in the Valley called Leberstbal, there flows from an old exhausted Mine a thick Oil or Bitumen which the Country People ufe instead of Grease to the Axle-Trees of their Wheels, but they are ignorant of it's fuperior Virtues; for Thernbeuferus tells us, that an excellent Balfam may be prepared from it. In the Inland Sumatra there is a Fountain which pours out a kind of liquid Petroleum: fome fay it is a kind of Balfam; there are faid to be alfo Fountains of Ambergris there. They find a bituminous Fountain in Peru near the Sea, which emits a small Rivulet into it, and is used by the Inhabitants instead of Pitch; neither have they any other fort of Matter fo like it. Not far from Schimachian in Perfia, at the Foot of the high Mountain Barmach, there are about thirty Fountains that send out a Naphtha or bituminous Subftance; but they lie low, and fpring with great Violence

into Wells about two Ells deep, which are made with wooden Steps for the Conveniency of defcending. They emit a strong fulphureous Spirit, which is of two Colours; in fome places red, and in others white; the later is of a more pleasant Smell.

THE Cause of these bituminous Fountains is a fulphureous and bituminous Matter melted in the Bowels of the Earth, and preffed upwards by a hot Spirit. Their Differences arife from the different fat Minerals that fupply them; as Ambergris, Amber, the Oil of Petrol, Pitch, Naphtha, Bitumen, &c.

PROPOSITION IX.

To explain the Origin of Waters that tafte bitter; and to enumerate the Places of the Earth in which they are found.

In

ON the Shore of Cormandel in India there are feveral Springs and Wells whofe Waters are bitter tho' they fpring up among the Rocks. Pontus, a Province of Afia minor, there is a small Rivulet at the Town of Callipade, called Exampean, whofe Water is bitter; this makes the River Hypanis alfo bitter, into which it flows. The Reader may collect feveral more Examples.

THEY come from an impure Sulphur, Bitumen, Nitre, Copperas, Copper; as Water by long ftanding in a Copper Veffel, acquires a bitter taste. But I cannot credit what Molina delivers in his Defcription of Gallicia, viz. that there is a Lake in Ireland whofe Waters are one half of the Day fweet, and the other half bitter.

THE Lake Afphaltites, which is also called the Dead Sea, in Palestine, hath bitter Waters, because of an impure Bitumen mixed with them, fo that by right it belongs to the fat Waters in

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the laft Propofition. It fends forth a naufeous ftinking Vapour. Every thing without Life is there drawn to the Bottom: but it fuffers no living Creature to fink; neither does it grow fweeter tho it abforbs the whole River Jordan that conftantly flows into it. It's Waters are poisonous by reafon of it's containing Arfenic (ƒ).

PROPOSITION X.

To explain the Caufe of very cold Springs, and to enumerate the Places of the Earth in which they are chiefly found.

NOT far from Vienne in the Province of Dauphiné in France there is a Fountain fo cold, that it fwells the Mouth of thofe that drink it; It is nor can any one endure his Hands in it. not diminished when Water is drawn out of it, nor augmented by pouring it in. On the Coast of Abex in Ethiopia (formerly inhabited by the Troglodytes) there are extream cold Fountains, tho' the Sun be exceffive hot there. Four Miles from Gratz in Stiria, are Fountains boiling up in a low Place, fo cold that none can drink the Water running or drawn from thence. About a Mile from

Culma there is a Fountain that pours out Water with a strong Spirit as if it were boiling, tho' it be very cold, which makes them call it the Mad-Water,

(f) Our Countryman Mr Maundrel obferved this Lake narrowly upon the Spot; but could not perceive any Smoak or Vapour ascending above the Surface of the Water, as is defcribed in the Writings of Geo graphers. He also went into it,

and it bore his Body in swimming with an uncommon Force; but as to the Report of a Man wading into it as high as his Navel, will be buoyed up by it, this he found not to be true. Salmon.

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